Meso-American civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Meso-American civilization - Essay Example when the Sumerians arrived in this region. Chinese civilization is among the oldest, dating back to before 3000 B.C. Early Indian civilization was highly developed as evidenced through the civilizations of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa that develop din the region of the valley of the river Indus and its tributaries. Egyptian civilization was one of the earliest to develop the system of writing through hieroglyphics (www. projectshum.org). Mesopotamian writing in the form of hieroglyphs also ranks among the earliest known in the world, with some Sumerian writing even older than the Egyptian. Writing among the Meso American civilizations developed later, also in the form of hieroglyphs with some phonetic elements, which were written in numerous columns or stelae. The ancient Indian scripts were in the form of the Indus script which has not yet been deciphered. The art of the Meso American period comprised massive stone sculptures more than two metres in height, of square jawed flat lipped warriors. This was similar to Mesopotamian art, which was also characterized by sculptures of gods in human forms, assuming a highly decorative aspect. Humans were also combined with animals to produce fantastic sculptures.(www.huntfor.com). The best known art work of the Chinese period is that which developed during the Ming dynasty, comprising vases and other decorative objects. One of the best known art works of the Egyptian period are the great pyramids of Giza and monumental statutes of the Pharoah. The first American monuments as constructed during the Meso American period are also pyramids which have religious significance and where pilgrims climb to the top, unlike the smooth sided pyramids of Egypt. Early Indian civilizations demonstrated well planned cities built of brick with wide streets, public and private bathing platforms and reservoirs.

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study - Term Paper Example The study was based on the hypothesis that black and white people differed in their response to the disease. Before the study was initiated in 1928, the U.S Public Health Services (PHS) had already completed a study in Mississippi in which 25% of the participants who were all black had tested positive for the disease. The PHS intended to expand and continue the study in rural black population and set up a treatment program with aid from the Julius Rosenwald Fund. Though the study initially intended to improve the health of the African American population by providing doses of metals which was used to treat the disease during that period, the coming of the great depression drastically lowered the funds for the project. And it was then that the PHS decided to conduct a study based on the aforementioned hypothesis that racial variation plays a role in the effects of syphilis. The objective of the study was to compare the natural progression of syphilis in untreated poor African American s who were followed up for a period of 40 years with a healthy control population who were free of the disease. While the initial study was designed to last for a year and where participants with syphilis were given minimal treatment which would have definitely not cured them, the extended study examined men with untreated syphilis over the 40 year period and in case they died during that period their bodies autopsied to study the exact course of the infection (Angell, 1997; Sugarman, 2002).  

Importance of Infrastructure Investment in the UK

Importance of Infrastructure Investment in the UK Acknowledgements In 1999, I completed the 1st year of the full-time Quantity Surveying course at Glasgow Caledonian University before moving to America in 2001. After a five-year stay, I returned to Glasgow in September 2006 and re-enrolled in the Part-time Quantity Surveying course. Ten years on from the first experience of the QS course, it gives me great pleasure and pride to be submitting one of the last pieces of work in the honours year. It has been an amazing and unexpected journey. I would not be in this position if it were not for the incredible levels of support and encouragement shown by so many and would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge some of these people. First, I would like to thank Raymond McCafferty Michael Heggarty of Cruden Building Renewals for employing me and giving me this opportunity. Their continued support and encouragement throughout this process has given me the focus and drive to continually improve my work. My colleagues at Cruden also deserve a special mention for their support during the dissertation and without the laughs during the day; this process would have been so much more difficult. Thanks guys!!! I would also like to thank Halbert Mills at Glasgow Caledonian University for accepting me back into the course and believing that I had the potential to get to this stage. During the course of this dissertation, I had some challenging times when I felt like I did not know how to develop my chosen topic. I would like to give my sincere thanks to my supervisor, Dr. John Lowe, for his inspirational input when I had these difficulties. Unfortunately, I cannot name everyone but I want to thank all my friends and family who without their support I would never have completed this piece of work. Mum, Dad, Gran, thank you so much for everything. Finally, the love and support shown by my Wife, Brooke, during this process has been a major source of inspiration. We will both be glad when the late night studying and completing of projects is finally over. Peter McLellan 1. Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Rationale for the Study Infrastructure forms the economic backbone of the UK. It is the fabric that defines us as a modern industrialised nation. The standard and resilience of infrastructure in the UK has a direct relationship to the growth and competitiveness of our economy. (Skinner, 2010) For the UK to retain its competitive edge, a longer-term view of investment in infrastructure must lead policy making. (Stewart, 2009) This dissertation offers an opportunity to explore and research a highly topical issue. The United Kingdom finds itself still in the midst of one of the worst economic downturns in recent memory and in a period of fiscal consolidation. As a result of this depressed economic situation, difficult decisions have had to be made by all sectors within the UK to work together to drive the country out of the recession. The recent edition of the Economic and fiscal Strategy Report and Financial Statement and budget by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, highlights the importance of implementing measures that will promote sustainable growth. Despite modest growths to GDP of 0.4 per cent in the final quarter in 2009 (NSO, 2010), the general consensus is that the United Kingdom is in the early stages of recovery. The 2010 budget, called Securing the recovery, outlines ways in which it aims to support this vision. One of these policies, is to invest in infrastructure, including additional funding for transport and local roads and creating a Green Investment bank. (UK Budget, 2010) Also, the Eddington Report, published on 1 Dec 2006, was a study jointly commissioned by the Secretary of State for Transport and the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Its role was to analyse the long-term relationships, within the boundaries of the Governments wider commitment to sustainable development, between transport and the UKs growth, stability and economic productivity. The findings of this study will be discussed and compared to the investment required to meet the future demands of the UK. Furthermore, in a recent study carried out by the British Chambers of Commerce (BCC), it revealed that inadequate energy, transport, and communications infrastructure continues to reduce the opportunity for UK businesses to grow. It also outlines that during this period when businesses play a vital role in the recovery of the economy, productivity is being affected as a result of lack of capacity, thus restricting the UKs economic potential. (BCC survey, 2010) In response to the survey carried out in 2010, David Frost, the Director general of the BCC stated the following: A countrys infrastructure is crucial to the success of its businesses. In the current environment of economic uncertainty and public spending constraints, our energy, digital, and transport networks must be up to the job if business is to deliver growth and create employment. The intriguing situation that the UK Government now face is deciding the best way to stimulate economic growth without increasing the deficit. One of the issues with increasing deficits is the Government will have to borrow to service the debt. As a result of the world-banking crisis over the last few years, there is reluctance to increase the UK debt further and therefore this might have an impact on infrastructure investment in this country. This dissertation provides an opportunity to research the level of infrastructure required in the UK and review the part it plays to the long-term sustainable growth of the UK economy. Furthermore, in doing so, the author intends to see if further investment in Infrastructure works is viable in the current economic climate. 1.2 Aim The aim of this dissertation is to assess the importance of infrastructure investment in the United Kingdom and how this impacts on the long-term sustainable growth of the UK Economy given the current economic constraints. 1.3 Objectives To review Fiscal and Monetary policy theories available to the UK Government. To review the current and future demands for infrastructure works in the UK. To understand the level of importance of infrastructure work investment to the UK economy. To understand the roles, responsibilities and options available to public and private bodies in raising capital to invest in infrastructure works in the UK. To highlight the economic and social benefits gained as a result of increased investment in chosen infrastructure sectors by utilising hypothetical cost model projections. 1.4 Outline Methodology of the Research 1.5 Dissertation Contents Chapter 2 Provides an extensive Literature review on the topic area. The author will provide a general overview of economic theory, introduction to infrastructure, and a review of the relevant studies published worldwide that reveal intellectual thoughts on infrastructure investment impact on the economy. This will be carried out in the way of both descriptive and an analytical approach to all the appropriate literature sourced to aid in this dissertation. Naoum (2007) states It is descriptive in that it describes the work of previous writers and it is analytical in that it critically analyses the contribution of others with a view of identifying similarities and contradictions made by previous writers. According to Naoum (2007), the literature review will serve two purposes. First, it allows for gathering of information to allow development of issues and themes within the chosen topic that ultimately shape the research design. Second, the literature review will help form the basis of the research design by analysing previous research designs. Chapter 3 Chapter 3 introduces the reader to the numerous research techniques available to the author and will highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each and merits of each approach, before indicating the chosen methods of quantitative analysis technique Chapter 3 examines the various research techniques that were available to the author and describes the strengths and weaknesses of each of the approaches in respect to the available data. In particular this chapter presents the reasoning behind the authors decision to adopt the quantitative analysis technique and explains how this approach was applied. This chapter also describes the source of the data and highlights any potential bias or limitations that the author experienced within the analysis. Furthermore this chapter explicitly explains the process for selecting and categorising the appropriate data prior to analysis in a consistent manner. John Hannah paragraph Chapter 4 Chapter 4 builds upon the process described in the previous chapter and examines the primary source of data to assess what trends are evident with each of the particular categories. This section goes on to expand upon the original quantitative analysis and examine a series of quantitative case studies to assess the extent of early warning events and compensation events that occurred on completed projects. John Hannah paragraph Chapter 5 In conclusion, chapter 5 summarises the findings of this research and consider if the original aim and objectives have been achieved. Finally, this chapter discusses the authors findings and proposes a list of recommendations for future studies. John Hannah paragraph 2. Chapter Literature Review 2.1 Introduction The purpose of research is to make a contribution, however small, towards understanding the phenomenon being studied and ultimately towards the total body of knowledge (Parahoo, 2006) The intended purpose of the following literature review is to provide a general background to the chosen topic that will aid in the understanding of the following areas: How the UK Economy functions and what factors drive it. Description analysis of previous research on the impact of infrastructure investment on the economy. The role the construction industry plays in the UK Economy. The information presented within the literature review will enhance the readers knowledge of the topic with a view of providing clarity and understanding on the findings presented in chapter 4. Economic Theories There are conflicts of opinion on economic theory. For instance, monetarists argue that rises in the money supply cause inflation whereas Keynesians argue that it is changes in inflation which cause changes in the money supply (Stanlake Grant, 1995) Keynesian Economics John Maynard Keynes was a British economist whose ideas have been a central influence on modern macroeconomics, both in theory and practice. He advocated interventionist government policy, by which governments would use fiscal and monetary measures to mitigate the adverse effects of business cycles, economic recessions, and depressions. His ideas are the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics. Keynes solution to poor economic state is to introduce impetus spending or as the US President Franklin Roosevelt described, prime the pump. Keynes argues that the government should step in to increase spending, either by increasing the money supply or by actually buying things on the market itself. A supporter of Keynesian economics believes it is the governments job to smooth out the bumps in business cycles. Intervention would come in the form of government spending and tax breaks in order to stimulate the economy, and government spending cuts and tax hikes in good times, in order to curb inflation. Alternative Economic Theories Since Keynesian economics advocates for the public sector to step in to assist the economy generally, it is a significant departure from popular economic thought, which preceded it â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬  laissez-fair capitalism. Laissez-fair capitalism supported the exclusion of the public sector in the market. A number of laissez faire consequences are drawn from Says law. Say also advocated public works to remedy unemployment. Say argued against claims that business was suffering because people did not have enough money and more money should be printed. Say argued that the power to purchase could be increased only by more production and is also best known for coining the phrase supply creates its own demand (Curwen, 1997) James Mill used Says Law against those who sought to give economy a boost via unproductive consumption. Consumption destroys wealth, in contrast to production which is the source of economic growth. The demand for the product determines the price of the product, but not if it will be consumed. Alternatively, Keynes is an advocate of trying to stimulate consumption by government intervention. Views on Economic thoeries Cutting support now, as some are demanding, would run the real risk of choking off the recovery even before it started, and prolonging the global downturn. (Darling, 2009) If consumers, markets and businesses get the message that government wants to carry on spending and isnt serious about dealing with the deficit, they will start to conclude that the UK is no longer a safe place to invest in, spend in or build a business in, (Cameron, 2009) Importance of Construction industry to UK Economy A recent survey commissed by the UK Contractors Group and carried out by LEK Consulting to demonstrate the impacts of the Construction industry on the UK Economy was distributed September 2009. The main aim of this report was to specifically highlight the benefits of investing in construction. The report covered 3 main areas: Contribution of the construction industry at national and regional level. Key contribution that construction makes to national employent levels. The role that the construction industry plays in the broader economic and social objectives. The reports contention is that the construction industry is vital to the overall UK economy while still being in a recession as it provides the following: Construction is a major contributor to the UK DGP. Construction sector employs circa  £3m people throughout 300,000 firms. Construction is also an important driver for other sectors, without which there would be a loss of domestic production capacity and skills. The report, Construction in the UK economy: The Benefits of Investment, shows that construction is the best sector for stimulating employment. It also shows that every  £1 spent on construction leads to an increase in GDP of  £2.84, as the spending not only creates construction output worth  £1, but also stimulates growth elsewhere in the economy worth  £1.84. With the Chancellors Pre-Budget Report looming, the CBI is continuing to press the case for protecting capital spending by government. (John Cridland, CBI Deputy-Director General, 2009) A strong economy needs fit-for-purpose schools and hospitals, and it will be the construction industry that builds the new transport and energy infrastructure needed to shift to a low-carbon economy. (John Cridland, CBI Deputy-Director General, 2009) Introduction to Infrastructure Works Infrastructure investment impact: Previous Research Over the last 30 years there have been various economic models developed to help in the research of the impact of infrastructure investment on the economy. The in-depth empirical studies have mainly utilised macro-economic level data, which includes cross-state and cross-country data. (Straub, 2007) edinburgh paper According to the studies carried out by Aschauer (1989) he states that when analysing the importance of public investment to the productivity improvement and economic growth, added weight must be attributed to the public investment decisions made by the Government. Furthermore, the study indicates increased productivity and growth in the economy by investing in areas such as highways, sewers, streets, and water systems. To ascertain these findings, Aschauer took the average annual growth rates of total factor productivity and the non-military public capital stock in America over the period 1950-1985; Aschauers data indicated a close relationship between level of investment in non-military infrastructure and productivity. Put in Tables from study Further research in the United States carried out by Munnell (1990) analysed the impact of the stock of public capital on economic activity at the regional and state levels. In conclusion, Munnell found that the US states that had invested in infrastructure had greater output, increased levels of private investment, and high levels of employment growth. The study highlighted above, Aschuer (1989) estimated an elasticity of output with respect to public infrastructure capital in the United States during 1950-1985 of between 0.38 and 0.56. These results have been shown to be econometrically suspect and subsequent work suggests the elasticity is much smaller. The average elasticity across OECD countries for the period 1960-2001 has recently been estimated to be 0.2 (Kanps, 2004). Aschauers paper has, however, proved very fruitful in terms of subsequent research, which it stimulated. (Crafts Leunig, 2005) A number of empirical studies have looked at the relationship between all public infrastructure investment and GDP growth. On average these studies seem to indicate a positive elasticity of output to public capital of around 0.20. Put another way, a ten per cent increase in public capital stock increases GDP by around 2 per cent. (Eddington report 2006) The eddington report suggest that there are limitations to these empirical studies and the results should be viewed with caution. OECD (2003) argues that early empirical work on the link between infrastructure investment and economic performance overstated the magnitude of the impact on GDP and productivity growth (The sources of economic growth in OECD countries, OECD, 2003) In particular, studies that focus on public investment in capital and infrastructure in a broad sense, rather than on transport specifically, do not really distinguish between types of investment in terms of new build, upgrade, maintenance etc although some do make specific conclusions about the value of transport infrastructure investment. Later studies using more complex modelling suggest a positive, albeit weaker relationships between infrastructure and GDP. These include: Kocherlakota and Yi (1997), Demetiades and mamuneas (2002), OFallon (2003), and Nijkamp and Poot (2004). (see figure 1.5 eddington report 2006) In 1993, Easterly and Robero carried out further research to expand on the work in this field. Called Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth: An Empirical Investigation, it details several conclusions that support the findings expressed by Aschauers research in 1989. It tackled areas such as the rate of growth and the level of development by employing historical data and recent cross-section data. The main findings outlined that there is a strong relationship between a countries fiscal structure and the development level and that investment levels in communication and transport is consistently correlated with growth. This therefore indicates that infrastructures are important in the economic prosperity of a nation (Easterly, Robelo 1993). Put in reference Eisner (1991) highlighted that public infrastructures not only serve as an intermediate good in physical goods production, they can also be final consumption goods. For example, water and sewage systems benefit environment, better transportation saves time spent on travelling, public parks give people pleasure, etc. Canning, Fay, and Perotti (1994) found substantial effects of physical infrastructure on economic growth based on the international data set. The strategy for national infrastructure also states, The majority of empirical research indicates that there is positive relationship between infrastructure and economic growth (strategy for national infrastructure, 2010). Introduction to Infrastructure What is Infrastructure? Set-up in December 2009 to help meet the infrastructure requirements in the UK for the next 10-20 years, Infrastructure UK defines Infrastructure as key economic sectors which include: Water, Waste, Energy, Transport and communications (strategy for national infrastructure, 2010). Infrastructure networks enable people, goods, energy, information, water, and waste to move efficiently around the UK and, in some cases, across its borders. The extent, capacity and quality of these networks has a direct bearing on the economy of the UK, the environment and the quality of life of everyone who lives in or visits the UK. Infrastructure Studies in the United Kingdom Extensive research carried out in the United Kingdom has indicated the level of infrastructure required for each sector and this can be cross-referenced with studies highlighted in the previous section. For example, the findings from the research carried out by Eisner, 1991 and Easterly, Robero 1993 indicated a relationship between transportation and its impact on the growth of the economy. The Eddington report was published on the 1st December 2006 and was carried out by Sir Rod Eddington under the instruction of the UK Government. The report is an examination of the impact transportation decisions will have on the UK environment and economy. The report analyses the current global economic demands and how our current transportation infrastructure must meet the demands of the 21st century. It states that with rising population and resultant greater demands on the country, higher levels of congestion and issue with reliability will have adverse effects on the economy if the correct infrastructure is not in place. It contends that by not having the required infrastructure in place it costs businesses more money while also effecting peoples social environment (Eddington Report, 2006). As well as utilising the Eisner, Easterly and Robero findings, the Eddington Report drew on research carried out in more recent times. The studies used in the development of the Eddington Report comprised: The historical significance of Transport for Economic growth and Productivity (Crafts Leunig, 2005), Step change transport improvements (Mann, 2006), and transport and labour market strategies (Gibbons Machin, 2006) Assessing transports contribution to the economy Transport can impact on the performance of the economy in a number of different ways: Transports impact on GDP Transport can impact on the economy and will ultimately impact on overall output. Gross domestic product (GDP) is currently the best measure of the size of the economy as it measures the total value of goods and services provided. Transport can have an impact on economic output (GDP) thorugh two channels: Firstly, transport can affect GDP though a number of inputs that are used, for example transport may increase employment either by allowing greater access to labour or stimulating the creation of new firms, which can increase the number of goods and services produced and lead to an increase in GDP. Secondly, transport can improve the efficiency with which firms use inputs, in other words transport can have an impact on productivity. For instance, a well functioning transport network can raise productivity by redusing journey times. Transport investment can impact on the drivers of productivity by encouraging prictae investment through raising its profitability; facilitating labour mobility and thereby increasing the returns in investment skills; and enabling effective competition even when economic activity is geographically dispersed. Identifying the impact of transport on productivity is important because improving productivity is a key to determinant of long-term growth and living standards. These effects can either have a one -off effect on the level of productivity or a sustained impact on the growth rate of productivity. Transport can impact on the growth rate of productivity by stimulating innovation through its impact on agglomeration economies, trade and foreign direct investment. In practice these dynamics are very difficult to measure, but are nevertheless extremely valuable, as they determine how quickly the economy grows and therefore the rate of growth in GDP. Transports role in supporting quality of life Critically though, GDP measures alone fail to capture the impacts of transport on the environment or its contribution to the wider well being of society. Transports impact on the environment, for example through carbon and other emissions, can increasingly lead to unsustainable growth, as well as impacting on peoples quality of life. Transport improvements that free up wasted travel time allow people to spend more time with friends and family, and enjoy more leisure activities. An economic welfare measurement would seek to measure such broader impacts of transport on society and the environment rather than just a pure GDP measure. These benefits to general well being are known as economic welfare, or welfare. The use of existing transport networks: What benefits do provide Erenburg (1994) finds that policy measures that make more efficient use of existing transport infrastructure through pricing mechanisms or other traffic management solutions can have a significant impact on growth (linking public capital to economic performance, Erenburg, 1994) Hulten and Schwab (1996) estimate that a 1 per cent increase in infrastructure effectiveness would have an impact on growth seven times larger than a 1 per cent increase in the rate of public infrastructure investment. (the public capital hypothesis: The case of Germany, Hulten and Schwab, 1996) OECD/ECMT (2001) paper on the benefits of transport concludes that wider economic benefits may be achieved more efficiently by introducing prices which correspond more closely to costs, or by reallocating existing infrastructure more efficiently between users, or by adopting other transport policies. (Assessing the benefits of transport, European Conference of Ministers of transport, OECD, 2001) Victoria transport policy institute (2003) argues that investment in alternative modes of transport and in management strategies to encourage more efficient use of existing road capacity tends to provide greater economic benefit than expanding existing highways to reduce congestion. The study also argues that the benefits of transport improvements are heavily dependant on local circumstances, in that they will only increase economic development where inadequate transport is a significant constraint on economic activity. EVIDENCE OF CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR TRANSPORT TO IMPACT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE ECONOMY Caning and Fay (1993) assert that infrastructure should not be seen as a factor of production but as a condition for high growth. Kessides (1993) notes that infrastructure does not create economic potential; it only develops such potential where appropriate conditions exist, i.e. other inputs such as labour and capital are available to drive output growth. Indeed, lynde and Richmond (1993), Trinder (2002), and OFallon (2003) assert that public and private capital are complements; that physical infrastructure requires the existence of available productive private capital in order to realise economic growth potential, and that infrastructure investment can boost the productivity of such private capital. Infrastructure investment may also feed through to increased labour productivity. Canning and pedroni (1999), banister and berechman (2000), Trinder (2002) and OFallon (2003) highlight other important underlying conditions that will influence the impact of transport investment on the economy (SEE REFERENCES FIGURE 1.7 EDDINGTON REPORT) In summary, these include: Economic conditions, a stable macroeconomic policy climate, local market circumstances, agglomeration, and labour market conditions Investment conditions; available funds, timing and structure of investment, type of infrastructure investment, location of investment in terms of network structure and political and institutional conditions, decision making, planning, sources, and methods of finance, level of investment, supporting legal and organisational policies and processes, and method and governance of infrastructure delivery and provision. Funding and delivery mechanisms for UK national infrastructure The National Infrastructure is funded and delivered in a number of ways: Commercially driven, user-paid infrastructure e.g. unregulated airport and ports where it is for the developer to decide what and when infrastructure is built. Any developments is then paid for by consumers (but prices are not regulated because competition exists) Commercially driven, user paid but price-regulated infrastructure with a stronger role for Government. Regulated airports are an example. Government supports investment in additional capacity but this is a commercial decision for airport operator (and where prices are regulated to protect from monopoly power). The energy sector also largely follows this model but prices are set by the market or thorough Government intervention. Price regulated businesses where independent regulators play a stronger role in determining the level and nature of investment. For example, water, where the regulator has an input into the nature of the investment programme but infrastructure investment in funded by users. Price regulated business that is funded by the taxpayer and users e.g. Network Rail. This is a model where the business is funded both by users and taxpayers where the DfT have a central role in setting out the outputs it wants from the railways and the level of funding to achieve that. The regulator sets the efficiency targets and prices for the company. Publicly decided and publicly funded infrastructure e.g. roads. Government decides where they should go, when they should be built and pays for them. This may include some provate finance but ultimately government rather than users pay. Clearly Government enjoys much greater control over infrastructure, but only a small part of the overall picture. Infrastructure essential for supporting economic activity and growth Many key investment projects rely on private finance either as direct investment or through mechanisms such as PPPs. In the current economic climate the Uk faces stiff competition in securing investment from private investors and from within Government budgets. In this environment, there needs to be a clear vision from Government about the future and needs for infrastructure. This will be essential to persuade the provate sector to invest in the national infrastructure and, in particular, provaste sector investors need long-term certainty in order to judge whether to commit major funds. Chapter 3 This chapter gives a brief description of the methods used for collecting independent data and why they are relevant to the research objectives. Research Strategy Quantitative Quantitative research is objective in nature. It is defined as an inquiry into a social or human problem, based on testing a hypothesis or a theory composed of variables, measured with numbers, and analysed with statistical procedures, in order to determine whether the hypothesis or the theory hold true (Cresswell, 1994). This statement is expanded on further by Bouma and Atkinson (1995), who state Quantitative data is, therefore, not abstract, they are hard and reliable; they are measurements of tangible, countable,

Essay --

From the first time I watched this show in Vince McMahon claims that as he was about to announce "Welcome to WrestleMania III," he felt the spirit of his father Vincent J. McMahon, who had died three years earlier. After he made that announcement he introduced Aretha Franklin, who opened the show singing a rendition of "America the Beautiful."[24] The first match of the night was The Can-Am Connection versus Bob Orton and The Magnificent Muraco (with Mr. Fuji). This match ended when Rick Martel gave Don Muraco a high cross-body with Zenk on his hands and knees giving Muraco what Gorilla Monsoon called "A little schoolboy trip from behind" allowing Martel to get the win for his team.[1][25] The next match that aired was Hercules (with Bobby Heenan in his corner) against Billy Jack Haynes in the "Full Nelson Challenge." The match ended when Haynes locked Hercules in the full nelson outside the ring and both were counted out.[1][25] After the match, Bobby Heenan assaulted Haynes by kneeing him in the back, and Haynes chased Heenan into the ring, where Hercules then blindsided Haynes with his chain, hitting him a number of times with it before locking him in a full nelson of his own.[26] The Mixed Tag Team Match between King Kong Bundy and his midget team of Lord Littlebrook and Little Tokyo against Hillbilly Jim and his own midget team of The Haiti Kid and Little Beaver was next. King Kong Bundy's team was disqualified when Bundy attacked Little Beaver, because Bundy was not supposed to be in the ring with the midgets.[17] Bundy attacked Little Beaver after Beaver had "attacked" him on occasion during the match and finally got caught. The "Loser Must Bow" match between Junkyard Dog and King Harley Race (with Bobby Heenan and The Fa... ...hed to it, got on the microphone and said that Volkoff was not going to sing because America is the land of the free and the home of the brave.[26] While the match ensued, Duggan stayed at ringside. When The Iron Sheik locked a camel clutch on "Jumping Jim" Brunzell, Duggan, who was chasing Volkoff around the ring and finally into it, stopped and hit an unsuspecting Sheik across the back with his two by four in front of the referee, resulting in The Iron Sheik and Nikolai Volkoff winning the bout by disqualification. In what was billed as the "biggest main event in sports entertainment,"[30] the match pitted WWF Champion Hulk Hogan defending the title against Andrà © the Giant (with Bobby Heenan).[1] Howard Finkel introduced the guest ring announcer, "Mr Baseball" Bob Uecker, who in turn introduced the guest time keeper, Entertainment Tonight host Mary Hart. The fans

European External Action Service Introduction Essay

European External Action Service Introduction Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To strengthen the European Union, make it more efficiency, make its projects more interesting and give it more profile, there was the need for the establishment of External European Action Service (EEAS). According to treaty of Lisbon signed in 2007, the establishment of EEAS was to be carried out by high representative council after consulting European parliament. Following this, on 25th march 2010 high representatives council sent a proposal for the establishment of EEAS to European Parliament. With discussions, negotiations, and consideration of various concerns, EEAS was approved for established by European government on 8 July 2010. Functions of external European action service   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The main aim why the external European action service was made is to enhance European Union global functions. It was created to make broad functions of European Union more Efficient and that is the base which creates the functions of the external European service action. The external European action service performs presidency and diplomatic functions. In the precedential role, the body assists the President of the European Council to carry out his responsibilities on foreign issues. In its diplomatic service, external European action service supports High representative who is also the vice president of the European commission (Eeckhout, 94).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The external European action service is responsible of coordinating the ministries of development and defense. From a development perspective, the external European action service plays a role of shaping strategy and programming development collaboration all over the word. The body combines the technical experts of the European commissions and the council’s political weight in the process of enhancing European Union role all over the world. On the side of defense, the body works under the European Union where they provide military support all over the word in the peace keeping process under the European Union policy of common security and defense (Austermann 70).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   External European action service maintains a good neighborhood relation with other countries. Most of the countries who border the European Union in sides are undergoing a political change. Under the policy of neighborhood, the external European action service work hard to ensure a solid union with those countries in the process of easing political transitions in those countries. Challenges external European action service face   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Integration is the key challenge that the external European action service is facing today. The body was formed recently and is still struggling to integrate bodies of the European Union which they work hand in hand for global role achievement. For example the security and defense body has is decision making council, this council decisions contradicts the decisions of the external European action service and thus they fail to agree on any issue. The efforts of external European Union to integrate this bodies end up fruitless because of lack of teamwork between the organs of the European Union (waele et. al, 251).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The external European action service is facing another main challenge of competition between the institutions. During the formation of external action service, the main bodies that were involved were the council and member state. Their main aim was to make external operations of the European Union effective. Other institutional took it as a plan to bring inter-institution competition. This altitude makes it difficult for the External action to operate because other institution performs their duties with the aim of competition and thus they can not agree with the decisions of the external European action service (Blocksman and Steven 23). Recommendations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   More has to be done to increase authority and capacity of the external European action service in its operations. One, chairperson of the working groups of the external action should be permanently appointed other than the current system where the chair is rotational. The capacity of external European action service in handling major European Union policies should be increased. The policies that should be considered are; struggle against terrorism, energy security and environment among other policies (Boening et. al, 33).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The policy and planning capability of external European action service should be strengthened. This will enable the body to be more efficient on strategic issues and paper work planning. The external European action service should be provided with the necessary resources for it to function well this should be done after the staffing level review has been done. All this recommendations will ensure that the external European action service is efficient in its work. This will be an advantage to the European Union (Morgera 64). Relation to European Union Countries   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   External European action service ensures that there is strong cooperation between the European Union and European Union members on matters of foreign affairs and policy. This is done through the influence of the civil servants of both the European Union and European countries, where they establish a living link. External European action service has helped European Union to be stable on matters of foreign affairs and thus many countries have aspired to join the European Union. This has made the number of European Union members to rise where currently they are more than 28 (Brierly and Clapham 142). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, we have discussed about the functions, challenges, recommendations and relation of external European action service in this easy and we have seen that this organization is one of the strongholds of the European Union. The global picture of the European Union is reflected by this body and since the formation of the European action service the performance of the European Union has improved. More research on how this organization can be entrusted with more power and ways to solve the institution competition should be done. This will enable it to be more efficient in its operations. References Austermann, Frauke. European Union Delegations in Eu Foreign Policy: A Diplomatic Service of Different Speeds. , 2014. Internet resource. Blockmans, Steven. Fit for Purpose?: The European External Action Service One Year on. Oxford: Oxfam GB, 2012. Print. Boening, Astrid, Jan-Frederik Kremer, and Aukje . Loon. Global Power Europe: Volume 1. Berlin: Springer, 2013. Internet resource. Brierly, J L, and Andrew Clapham. Brierly’s Law of Nations: An Introduction to the Role of International Law in International Relations. , 2012. Print. Eeckhout, Piet. Eu External Relations Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Print. Morgera, Elisa. The External Environmental Policy of the European Union: Eu and International Law Perspectives. , 2012. Print. Waele, Henri C. F. J. A, and Jan-Jaap Kuipers. The European Union’s Emerging International Identity: Views from the Global Arena. , 2013. Print. Source document

A Nurse is a Nurse

The public and professional images of nursing and the portrayal of nurses in the media have a great impact on several work-related issues – how health care as a collaborative enterprise is provided to patients, the extent that nurses’ work is valued, the participation of the nurse in healthcare team decision-making, the visibility of nurses in shaping national health care and the effect of these images on nurses’ job performance (Fletcher, 2007.Most researchers agree that although there have been improvements in the image of nursing, the portrayal today is still largely negative – an issue that has been raised by nurses for the past century. Gender issues seem to be at the core of this situation.Other disciplines, specifically the medical profession, view nurses based on certain qualities. In a study by Weinberg, Miner and Rivlin (2009) on the perspectives of medical residents on working with nurses, nurses were trusted and regarded as colleagues depending on how competent, congenial and hardworking the residents perceived them to be (p.37).This implies that the collaborative approach does not always permeate the nurse-medical resident relationship despite nursing practice being elevated into a profession that is equal to other health disciplines. To be respected as a colleague requires a condition – nurses must first have to prove that they possess the qualities expected of them.Meanwhile, the media reinforces the image of nurses as a health worker that is lower in status than physicians or as other concepts other than being a professional. In a literature review conducted by Fletcher (2007) concerning the media portrayal of nurses, the author found that television shows, novels, films and advertisements then and now mainly portray nurses in four categories, namely â€Å"as ministering angel, battleaxe, physician handmaiden and naughty nurse† – negative images because these do not capture the reality of nursing (p.208).As an acute nursing shortage looms ahead, the campaign to improve the image of nursing, in order to attract more students into the profession, yielded a positive outcome. A recent Gallup survey on professional ethics and honesty found that 84% of Americans agreed that nurses are the most trusted professionals (Singleton, 2009). The Gallup survey image of nurses represents a positive development because nurses were viewed as professionals who are bound by a code of ethics and who adhered to such a code.Both the positive and negative images of nursing seem to reflect the unequal power relationship between men and women in society where women are viewed as either sex objects or as domestic partners. The end product is a stereotypical view of women’s roles as subservient to men.Along with this role are the associated feminine traits ranging from obedience, hard work, compassion and congeniality to promiscuity. The physician-nurse relationship reflects these stereotypes as physicians are disproportionately male and while nurses are disproportionately female. As a male-dominated profession, the physician’s work is highly recognized and valued while the nurse’s work is undervalued and unrecognized.Because of the stereotypes reinforced by media, the public largely identifies nurses only with bedside care and with carrying out physician’s orders. Most would think that since the work involved seems trivial, nurses do not need to obtain a 4-year BSN degree. They do not see the complex daily responsibilities of the nurse that requires education, training and autonomy or the current scope of nursing practice. As such, they fail to appreciate the significant impact of nurses’ work on patient health and outcomes.Although men have enrolled in nursing, it is still mainly a women’s profession and as Lavinia Dock (cited in Fletcher) aptly put it, â€Å"the status of nursing in all countries and at all times depends on the status of women† (2007, p.210). Because the nurse is a woman in a caring profession, expectations of her relate to female gender roles as well. Hence, further improvements in the status of women will similarly uplift the status of nursing.

Life And Work Of Barbara Baer Capitman History Essay Essay Example

Life And Work Of Barbara Baer Capitman History Essay Essay Example Life And Work Of Barbara Baer Capitman History Essay Paper Life And Work Of Barbara Baer Capitman History Essay Paper who lives in London, and John A. , who lives in Cambridge, Mass. , and four grandchildren. Barbara Baer Capitman, the audacious small old lady credited with salvaging Miami Beach s colourful Art Deco territory made celebrated on the hit telecasting series Miami Vice, has died in the metropolis she sought to continue. She was 69. Mrs. Capitman, who suffered from diabetes and bosom jobs, died Thursday at Mt. Sinai Medical Center in Miami Beach, harmonizing to infirmary spokesman Arthur Ehrlich. She was president of the Art Deco Society of America and had organized chapters in metropoliss around the state, including Los Angeles, to continue the cosmetic humanistic disciplines manner of architecture popular between the two universe wars. Although slightly more capricious in Miami, the manner is exemplified by the Chrysler Building and Radio City Music Hall in New York City and the old Pan Pacific Auditorium and the Times edifice in Los Angeles. At the clip of her decease, Mrs. Capitman was seting together the first World Congress on Art Deco and working on a book, Art Deco U.S.A. Last twelvemonth she published a book about Miami Beach s 1930s hotels and other Art Deco edifices called Deco Delights. Mrs. Capitman became a preservationist in 1975 as a agency of doing new friends after the decease of her hubby, William, at 53. She attributed her quavery voice, which her disparagers often mimicked, to the daze of his decease. Within four old ages, despite resistance by the Miami Beach metropolis director and Chamber of Commerce, Mrs. Capitman and her Design Preservation League won listing of the mile-square territory on the National Register of Historic Places, supplying federal revenue enhancement inducements for Restoration. The country is the lone territory with 20th-Century architecture in the registry. It was a enormous accomplishment by one individual one small old lady, said her boy Andrew. Barbara Capitman deserves her repute as the never-say-die title-holder of the Art Deco hoarded wealths of Miami Beach, said billionaire investor Robert Bass, president of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The territory s 800 or so edifices, designed in the 30s to look like ocean line drives or projectile ships or even bonbons to take holidaying Americans heads off the Depression, are the focal point of Miami Beach s one-year Art Deco Weekend festival, which draws about 400,000 people. In Salvaging South Beach, historic saving clangs with development as each side vies for control of South Beach. A spectrum of characters are present, from Barbara Baer Capitman, the ailing middle-aged widow who became an revivalist for the Miami Beach Art Deco territory, to Abe Resnick, the millionaire Holocaust subsister determined to halt her. From innovators to voluntaries, from Judaic retired persons to Cuban expatriates, from occupants and concern proprietors to developers and metropolis leaders, each adds another piece to the mystifier, another position of the intense struggle that ensued. Although a figure of the country s iconic edifices were demolished, the Miami Design Preservation League succeeded in come ining about half of the vicinity into the National Register of Historic Places, kicking off a revival attempt that spread throughout South Beach. Preservationist M. Barron Stofik lived in Miami during this turmoil-ridden period and, through 100s of interviews and extended probe, weaves together dramatic subjects of civic gallantry, saving, and cultural alteration in the passionate human narrative behind the pastelfacades and neon visible radiations. Barbara Capitman is our 2010 Woman In History Honoree She was born in Chicago and attended New York University. A In her early old ages she was a newsman for The Atlantic City Daily World and was an advertisement copywriter.A When she moved to Miami in 1973, she used her literary accomplishments to assist excite involvement in 1920aˆ?s and 1930aˆ?s Art Deco edifices throughout the state. Much of South Beach s edifices were neglected and abandoned at the clip, but Barbara Capitman was a airy mind and was greatly inspired by happening the universe s largest concentration of Art Deco architecture. In 1976 she helped establish Miami Design Preservation League ( MDPL ) and led a extremely criticized battle to salvage Miami Beach s Art Deco architectural buildings.A Miami Design Preservation League eventually won its landmark conflict on May 14, 1979, and the Art Deco District was added to the National Register of Historic Places.A It was the first clip a twentieth century territory was recognized as Historic by the U.S. authorities. This act brought federal revenue enhancement alleviation to the down country, and South Beach began to demo marks of economic and cultural growth.A One by one, the abandoned edifices were restored into vibrantly colored Art Deco plants of art which about instantly became backgrounds for International manner catalogues, movies and telecasting shows ; and all of a sudden theoretical accounts, famous persons, and lensmans began to flock to the new pastel resort area. Art Deco is the bosom and psyche of South Beach, and Miami Design Preservation League carries forth its spirit, says Miami Beach Mayor Matti Herrera Bower. Our community s success narrative is a testimonial to MDPL s defending our historic territory. Continuing the community s architecture, character and unity led the manner to theA economic and cultural resurgence we all benefit from today. The League was the universe s first Art Deco Society and Capitman s attempts led to the formation of Art Deco saving groups throughout the United States, Europe, Latin America, Australia and New Zealand. Barbara besides hosted a wireless show and authored the books Art Deco Trademarks , Rediscovering Art Deco U.S.A. andA Deco Delights Continuing Miami Beach Architecture . Barabara Capitman died twenty old ages ago in March 1990 but her unerasable grade on South Beach history will neer be forgotten.A WE are proud to call Barbara Baer Capitman our 2010 Women s History Honoree and have asked early preservationist to come and portion a few memories about her and the saving of the Art Deco District. Possibly the following clip you walk down Ocean Drive you will believe of Barbara.A WE invite you to see the new Miami Design Preservation League s ART DECO WELCOME CENTER located on Ocean Drive at the corner of Barbara Capitman Way ( 10th St ) and we hope it inspires you to fall in in the Preservation Movement that continues in South Beach and environing communities.A Click the nexus below if you would wish to do a $ 50 Donation to MDPL aid continue the memory of the adult female who led the battle to continue our community.A Your contribution will include a 1 Year Membership to MDPL and a part to The Barbara Capitman archives. August 1976 The Miami Design Preservation League ( MDPL ) was formed through the attempts of Barbara Baer Capitman and her boy John Capitman. The initial drift was to happen a undertaking to honour the United States bicentenary ; the Capitmans worked with interior decorators Leonard Horowitz and Lillian Barber to place a concentration of 1930s edifices in South Miami Beach that the group felt could be a historic territory of twentieth century architecture. A December 1976 MDPL held its first large-scale public meeting, dubbed the Design Forum. A May 6, 1977 MDPL was incorporated by the State of Florida. Military officers were: Barbara Baer Captiman, President ; David Gell, Secretary ; Jerry Peters, Treasurer ; and Howard M. Neu, Vice President. A September 1977 Art Deco Number of Night and Day magazine high spots the ends and achievements of MDPL. A October 13-19, 1978 Art Deco Week organized by MDPL. The festival was held at and around the Cardozo Hotel on Ocean Drive. Barbara Capitman created the event as a show window for the Art Deco subdivision of Miami Beach trusting to pull both locals and tourers to the country which was comprised of an aged population populating on fixed income, many life at the poorness degree. A December 12, 1978 By-laws of MDPL were amended and submitted to State of Florida. Barbara Baer Capitman, David J. Gell and Carl Weinhardt, Jr. were authorized to put to death the Articles as endorsers and Andres Fabergas and Michael Kinerk, president and secretary, severally, were authorized to put to death the declaration. Chairperson, Barbara Baer Capitman ; President, Andres Fabregas ; Vice President, Leonard Horowitz ; Secretary, Michael D. Kinerk ; Treasurer, Jose Madrazo ; Board members besides officers: Jerald Goodman, Claire Major, Joy Moos, Karolyn Robinson, Sol Schreiber, Landon Thorne III, Carl J Weinhardt, Jr. , Mitchell Wolfson, Jr. A May 14, 1979 The Miami Beach Architectural Historic District ( popularly known as the Art Deco District and Old Miami Beach ) was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was the state s first twentieth century Historic District. A July 1979 Portfolio of the Art Deco Historic District was published by MDPL with support from the National Endowment for the Arts ( NEA. ) Barbara Capitman, editor ; Diane Camber, Assistant Editor ; Bill Bucolo, Managing Editor ; photographic essay by David Kaminsky ; articles by Carl J. Weinhardt, Jr. , Karalyn Robinson, Barbara Capitman and Andrew Capitman. A September 1979 The Art Deco District: Time Present Time Past, a magazine with articles on assorted facets of Art Deco, was published by MDPL. A March, 1980 Andy Warhol, world-famous creative person and one of the pioneering Art Deco aggregators, called the MDPL office in March 1980 and asked if person would demo him the Art Deco edifices in Miami Beach. An assignment was made, Warhol arrived from New York and he was given a top to bottom circuit led by MDPL laminitis, Barbara Baer Capitman and Diana Camber the Executive Director of MDPL, now Director of the Bass Museum of Art. This event was widely covered by the intelligence media and gave our new historic territory a cast of blessing from an art-world famous person. A April 1980 The Boulevard Hotel, at 775 Dade Boulevard, was demolished. A January 1981 The Anderson-Notter-Finegold program for the Miami Beach Architectural Historic District was completed ( the program was neer adopted ) . A January 7, 1981 The New Yorker Hotel ( Henry Hohauser, 1939 ) , at 1611 Collins Avenue, was demolished. Despite sustained protests from preservationists, the hotel was destroyed by proprietors Abe Resnik, Dov Dunaesvsky, and Isaac Fryd. The hotel, which many consider to be Hohauser s most successful design, awakened the community to the demand to ordain local statute law to protect belongingss listed on the National Register. The hotel s facade was subsequently used in the new logo of the Miami Design Preservation League ; the New Yorker s batch stood vacant for many old ages and is now occupied by the northern-most part of the Loew s convention centre hotel. A February 1981 Adoption of the first Dade County Historic Preservation Ordinance, which required municipalities to follow Historic Preservation Ordinances by July 1982. A February 4, 1981 City Commission adopted Resolution No. 81-16551 bespeaking freedom from County Historic Preservation regulations. A 1981 MDPL laminitiss Barbara Baer Capitman and Leonard Horowitz took a cross-country trip to detect Art Deco architecture in major U.S. metropoliss. The trip spurred the development of Art Deco societies in many of the metropoliss, and Capitman began to be referred to as the Johnny Appleseed of Art Deco. A 1981-1982 MDPL worked to protect historic edifices by promoting local historic appellation on the National Register District. A April 2, 1982 First meeting of Mayor s Ad Hoc Committee to outline and reexamine a Historic Preservation Ordinance for Miami Beach. A June, 1982 Miami Beach Art Deco District: Time Future was published by Community Action and Research under the protections of MDPL. The brochure, edited by Paul A. Rothman and Barbara Capitman with in writing design by Woody Vondracek, summarized the Anderson Notter Finegold program for the Art Deco Historic District and lobbied for its acceptance by the City of Miami Beach. A June 16, 1982 The first Miami Beach Historic Preservation Ordinance, No. 82-2318, was adopted ; it contained 100 per centum proprietor consent proviso. A September 23, 1982 The Dade County Historic Preservation Board found the Miami Beach Ordinance non in conformity with county demands. A October 20, 1982 The City Commission appointed the first Historic Preservation Board. A January 31, 1983 The U.S. Department of the Interior found the Miami Beach Ordinance to be in conformity with National Register criterions for local authoritiess. A April 20, 1983 Regulation No. 83-2367 amended Historic Preservation Ordinance No. 82-2318, altering proprietor consent from 100 per centum to 51 per centum required for appellation. A May 4-7, 1983 The Art Deco District came to the attending of the art universe as a consequence of Surrounded Islands, an installing by creative persons Christo and Jeanne-Claude in which a series of 11 islands in Biscayne Bay were wrapped in pink cloth. During the installing, the creative persons established their central offices in the Art Deco District. A August 15, 1983 Dade County and others filed a case to annul the Miami Beach Historic Preservation Ordinance. A October 5, 1983 The City Commission adopted Ordinance No. 83-2388 denominating the Old City Hall edifice as the metropolis s first Historic Preservation Site. A February 1, 1984 The City Commission adopted Ordinance No. 84-2402 denominating the 21st Street Community Center a Historic Preservation Site. A April 4, 1984 The City Commission adopted Ordinance No. 84-2405 making a Design Review Board. A 1984-1989 The Art Deco District achieved world-wide acknowledgment as a consequence of the hit telecasting show Miami Vice, starring Don Johnson and Philip Michael Thomas. The show used the Art Deco District as a background in many of the episodes. A February 6, 1985 The City Commission adopted the Ocean Drive program incorporating recommendations for local Historic District appellation. A March 20, 1985 The City Commission adopted Ordinance No. 85-2470 extinguishing the proprietor consent proviso from Historic Preservation regulations. A October 16, 1985 The City Commission adopted the Espanola Way program incorporating a recommendation for local Historic District appellation. A 1985 Renowned manner lensman Bruce Weber chose Miami Beach s Breakwater Hotel for a exposure shoot for an ad for Calvin Klein s Obsession, spurring an onslaught of manner picture taking shoots in the Art Deco District. A July 23, 1986 The City Commission adopted Ordinance No. 86-2511 denominating the Espanola Way District and the Ocean Drive/Collins Avenue District as Miami Beach s first Historic Preservation territories. These regulations were adopted after important grassroots attempts by MDPL. A 1986 Our DriveaˆÂ ¦Ocean Drive was a joint run by MDPL and its sister organisation, the Miami Beach Development Corporation ( MBDC ) , now renamed the Miami Beach Community Development Corporation ( MBCDC ) . As a consequence, a $ 3 million bond bundle was approved to fund the broadening of the pavement on the west side of Ocean Drive, leting hotels to set up pavement coffeehouse. On the east side of the street, a broad promenade was created along the wall dividing Lummus Park from the beach. A 1986-1988 MDPL campaigned for local appellation of the full National Register District and alterations to the districting codifications to do them more compatible with historic saving. A MDPL started the SOS ( Save Our Senator ) run to forestall destruction of the Senator Hotel. Although the hotel was demolished ( see May 3, 1988 ) , MDPL s attempts delayed destruction for more than a twelvemonth. The public call that MDPL created resulted in the City Commission go throughing a reinforced local saving regulation that could forestall destruction. A 1987 The Biscaya Hotel ( 1925 ) , at 650 West Avenue, was demolished. MDPL mounted an unsuccessful run to salvage the hotel, originally the Floridian Hotel and the last leftover illustration of the expansive bayside hotels. A May 6, 1987 The City Commission adopted Ordinance No. 87-2665 denominating Altos del Mar a Historic Preservation District. A January 1988 The Poinciana Hotel ( Albert Anis, 1939 ) , at 1555 Collins Avenue, was demolished. A February 3, 1988 The City Commission adopted Ordinance No. 88-2598, beef uping the destruction subdivision of the Historic Preservation Ordinance. A May 1988 Miami Beach Art Deco Guide was published by MDPL. The guidebook, written by Keith Root with editorial aid by Dr. Ernest Martin and Michael Kinerk, contained six self-guided walking Tourss of the Art Deco District. A May 3, 1988 The Senator Hotel ( L. Murray Dixon, 1939 ) , at 1201 Collins Avenue, was demolished. A June 1988 Deco Delights: Continuing the Beauty and Joy of Miami Beach Architecture, written by MDPL laminitis Barbara Baer Capitman, was published by E.P. Dutton. A June 1, 1988 The City Commission adopted Ordinance No. 88-2616 puting the Architectural District under Design Review legal power. A April 5, 1989 The City Commission adopted Ordinance No. 89-2637 denominating the Venetian Causeway ( 1926 ) a Historic Preservation Site. A September 7 A ; 21, 1989 The City Commission nominated the Flamingo and Museum vicinities for Historic Preservation Districts appellation. The Museum country was nominated as a local historic territory or aggregation of historic sites depending on the findings of the Historic Preservation Board. A March 30, 1990 Barbara Baer Captiman dies of congestive bosom failure. An protagonism plan efforts to act upon public policy and public actions in a way consistent with a group s mission. MDPL s protagonism plan is guided by its advocators purpose to move systematically with MDPL s mission statement: A Miami Design Preservation League ( MDPL ) is a non-profit organisation devoted to continuing, protecting, and advancing the cultural, societal, economic, environmental and architectural unity of the Miami Beach Architectural Historic District and all other countries of the City of Miami Beach where historic saving is a concern. A The MDPL Advocacy Committee suggests these precedences for MDPL protagonism activities: Preserve and protect the historical and architectural unity of the Miami Beach Architectural District, both of its single edifices and of the territory as a whole ; Support the historic saving procedure put in topographic point by the City of Miami Beach and the City s enforcement of the results of that procedure in any country where historic saving is a concern. Propose and support alterations in the City s historic saving procedure and land usage policies when necessary to transport out and carry through the mission statement ; Propose and support alterations in Florida and national policy when necessary to transport out and carry through the mission statement ; Preserve and protect historical, architectural, and environmental resources in other countries of Miami Beach, particularly when designated as local historic territories by the City of Miami Beach, but including any country where historic saving is a concern. Act to back up occupants and belongings proprietors, in current and possible historic territories, when citizens act to continue, protect and advance the historic, architectural, cultural, societal, economic, and environmental unity of any country where historic saving is a concern. Miami Beach s edifice roar came during the 2nd stage of Art Deco known as Streamline Moderne, which began with the stock market clang and ended in most instances with the eruption of World War II. It was less decorative-a more sober contemplation of the Great Depression. It relied more on machine-inspired signifiers, and American thoughts in industrial design. It was buttressed by the belief that times would acquire better and was infused with the optimistic futurism extolled at America s Worlds Fairs of the 1930s. Stripped Authoritative or Depression Moderne was a sub-style frequently used for governmental edifices, the U.S. Post Office being the best illustration in Miami Beach. Miami Beach designers used local imagination to make what we now call Tropical Deco. These edifices feature relief ornamentation having capricious vegetations, zoologies and ocean-liner motives to reenforce the image of Miami Beach as a seaboard resort. Art Deco What to look for Over-all symmetricalness, ziggurat ( stepped ) rooflines, glass block, cosmetic sculptural panels, superciliums, unit of ammunition porthole Windowss, terrazzo floors, curved borders and corners, elements in groups of three, neon lighting ( used in both outsides every bit good as interior infinites ) . However, there truly are three overriding architectural manners found in the Art Deco District: When our circuit usher revealed yesterday that the individual most responsible for salvaging Miami Beach Art Deco edifices from the bust uping ball of capitalist advancement was a Communist Jew from New York, my first reaction was surprise and delectation. But after a minute it sunk in that this was merely what I might hold suspected. When it comes to looking after the long-run involvements of society, whether it is cultural heritage or clime alteration, you have to lift above the net income motivation and who better to presume this function than the Red. In 1948 the 28 twelvemonth old Barbara Capitman met her future hubby Will at a May Day party sponsored by the Young Communist League in N.Y. She was the lone kid of a sweater-importing male parent and a female parent who was a sculpturer and painter. When Will graduated from NYU jurisprudence school in 1951, he was blocked from go throughing the saloon because of his YCL yesteryear. So alternatively he made a life instruction concern and selling at Harvard and Yale. In 1973 he got a term of office path place at the Florida International University concern school and the two moved to Coconut Grove, Miami s version of Greenwich Village. Two old ages subsequently he died from pancreatic malignant neoplastic disease and Barbara was on her ain. After traveling to Miami Beach, Barbara ran into Leonard Horowitz, a doorkeeper at a luxury condo who was homosexual and an aspirant artist/designer. They became close friends after meeting and shortly discovered a shared committedness to the saving of Art Deco edifices. The two formed a commission to salvage the old edifices now falling into disrepair that relied to a great extent on contributions from cheery people and senior citizens. Within 3 old ages, they managed to hold over half of South Beach s Art Deco hotels covered by landmark saving Torahs. Leonard Horowitz died of AIDS in 1988. The hotel we are remaining at is between 10th and 11th streets on Ocean Drive and 11th street has been renamed Leonard Horowitz Drive. Barbara Capitman died two old ages subsequently. The NY Times obit noted: In 1976 she helped to establish the Miami Design Preservation League, which in 1979 won Federal historic appellation for the South Beach territory of Miami Beach. Her vocal, irregular mode subsequently led to her ejector from the group. She would force and foment and do problem until people would nt talk to her, said Michael Kinerk, president of the Art Deco Weekend festival. She was interested in consequences, non societal sensitivenesss. I would state that no societal alteration takes topographic point without people who are vocal and irregular . The fact that she was interested in consequences instead than societal sensitivenesss should non be lost on those collectivists who are loath to take on the position quo. In the April 27 1982 Village Voice, Alexander Cockburn hailed Capitman as a true heroine. He quoted her on the Art Deco territory: At dark when the full Moon is overhead, the residential streets of the Art Deco territory return on that stagey, grave simpleness of another epoch. Moonlight and neon articulate the chevrons and circles of the little flats on Euclid or Jefferson and the rocking thenars cast shadows on the curving walls. This is the dark universe that Thomas Wolfe wrote of in the 1930s-the decennary of our territory s revival-nights filled with the far-hooting of trains, the nearer sounding of great vass traveling into port, the cryptic rustling of treesaˆÂ ¦ Cockburn noted that Capitman was non able to support all of Miami Beach from the assault of existent estate developers. The South Beach country remains unsullied but the center and northern parts of the island have succumbed to the forces Cockburn describes as follows: The forces of darkness gathered their nervus, and eventually, in 1981 tore off their beards and pounced. Anyone who wants to see what might go on to the Deco Square Mile need merely peek North of 23rd Street, where architectural brutality is on the violent disorder and the condomaniac, behemothic tide Marches down via the Fountainbleau and other guideposts of Babylon. Cockburn concludes his article by stating that if the existent estate developers had their manner, the northern sector of South Beach would yield and the consequence would be tantamount to the lasting submergence of significant parts of Venice. Ironically, Art Deco was an effort to use the aesthetic of Russian Constructivism and Italian Futurism to architecture. These art motions were in themselves attempts to come close the signifiers of machinery to ticket art in the spirit of a modernisation stripped of nostalgia for the yesteryear. The merchandises of that age now are threatened by the relentless March of capitalist modernisation which will ensue in the grading of all that is beautiful and its replacing by shopping promenades and Walmarts. It is to the recognition of people like Barbara Capitman, person who presumptively would hold read the Communist Manifesto at some point in her life and who would hold absorbed Marx s dyspneic evocation of the middle class s most radical function , to pull a line in the sand and state this middle class to acquire fucked. Anyone who knew the late Barbara Capitman was bowled over by her deathless devotedness to Art Deco Miami Beach. A laminitis of the Miami Design Preservation League, Capitman led the conflict to hold a big swatch of the Beach listed as an historic territory in the National Register of Historic Places the first such territory made up of 20th-century edifices. This book is her memorial. Tropical Deco: the Architecture and Design of Old Miami Beach, by Laura Cerwinske, David Kaminsky ( Photographer ) . ( Rizzoli, 1982. ) Barbara Baer Capitman, born in 1920, founded the Miami Design Preservation League ( MDPL ) which started the Miami Beach Art Deco saving motion. She led in the formation of the Miami Beach Architectural Historic District, the state s lone Art Deco territory to be listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Her attempts to protect Art Deco architecture led to the initiation of Art Deco societies in San Francisco, Chicago, Washington, D.C. , Boston and New York. Capitman was besides the laminitis of the World Congress on Art Deco. She was the writer of three books: American Trademarks, Deco Delights and Rediscovering Art Deco U.S.A. In 1993 The Miami Herald named her one of the 100 most of import people in the history of South Florida. Barbara Baer Capitman died in 1990. Her Great Floridian plaque is located at the Cardozo Hotel, 1300 Ocean Drive, Miami Beach. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.flheritage.com/services/sites/floridians/ ? section=m

How to Refer to Governmental Administrative Bodies

How to Refer to Governmental Administrative Bodies How to Refer to Governmental Administrative Bodies How to Refer to Governmental Administrative Bodies By Mark Nichol Nomenclature for US government entities can be complicated. Here are some guidelines about how to style names of administrative jurisdictions, departments, and agencies: Name Versions The formal style for Cabinet-level departments is â€Å"the Department of State,† for example, though journalistic style often up-ends this form as, for instance, â€Å"the State Department.† Informally, a department may simply be called â€Å"State† or â€Å"Interior† or â€Å"Justice.† Some departments are also recognized by their initials (DOJ for â€Å"Department of Justice,† for example), though abbreviations should be used only on second reference (an editing term that actually means â€Å"all subsequent references†), after the name is spelled out the first time it is used. Abbreviated forms of names should be preceded by the (â€Å"the DOJ,† for example), unless the abbreviation is an acronym (pronounced as a word), such as OSHA (the abbreviation for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration), which is pronounced â€Å"oh-shuh,† not â€Å"(the) oh-es-aitch-ay.† Be sure, too, that identification is unambiguous. Two Cabinet-level departments the Department of Education and the Department of Energy can be abbreviated DOE, so if both departments are mentioned in a particular article or book, it’s best not to use the abbreviation. Also, the designation US often precedes a department or agency name to distinguish it from a state-level entity of the same name or a similar foreign entity, whether such an entity is mentioned in the same piece of content or not. (Note that many publications and Web sites continue to use initial periods in US, but the latest edition of The Chicago Manual of Style advises that periods now be omitted from the abbreviation.) When an entity is referred to generically, even if the term is part of the entity’s name, the wording should, by definition, be lowercase: â€Å"the department,† â€Å"the bureau† (for the Federal Bureau of Investigation, for example), â€Å"the postal service† (in reference to the US Postal Service). Entities themselves often capitalize such shorthand, but that doesn’t mean you have to. Name Changes Beware of new nomenclature: The agency long known as the US Immigration and Naturalization Service was dismantled and most of its functions and responsibilities taken up by the newly created agency US Citizenship and Immigration Services in 2003. In nonfiction referring to immigration before that date, this information should be given to inform readers of the distinction; in fiction set before that year, the former agency, not its successor, should be mentioned in references to the US government’s immigration policies. Likewise, what has been known as the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (but is still abbreviated CDC) for twenty years has undergone half a dozen name changes since the Office of National Defense Malaria Control Activities was established in 1942. These are only two examples illustrating that writers should take care to identify government entities according to the historical context in which their articles and books take place. When it comes to identifying government entities, due diligent research to make sure your usage is accurate. Don’t let your writing be merely, as the saying goes, good enough for government work. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Spelling Test 160 Synonyms for â€Å"Trip†Double Possessive

Case study of a man with parkinsons disease

Case study of a man with parkinsons disease Mr Henderson has arrived in hospital after a history of falls at home and has just commenced a new medication regime. It is very possible that he may be anxious, worried, frightened as a result of falling at home which also may result in loss of confidence. He may also be apprehensive about his new medication regime. Having been diagnosed with Parkinson’s for 5 years, he more than likely knowns the importance of getting his medications on time, in reducing the symptoms allowing him to maximise his independence. However, it is not for the nurse to presume this and she/he must sit down, talk to him, allowing him time to talk and express his worried and anxieties. This was help to establish a relationship and Mr Henderson will understand that you are there to support him throughout his journal of care. The nurse should also make sure that all members of the multidisciplinary team are aware of Mr Henderson’s condition and if they are not aware of the importance of getting medication on time out with ‘normal’ drug rounds then they should be informed of its importance and understand the significant consequences resulting from not getting the drugs on time such as reduced independence and prolonged hospital stay. As medications are a large part in maximising independence and mobility and it may be suggested that Mr Henderson receives his medications before getting out of bed in the morning. This will allow time for the drugs to work and therefore enabling him to get out of bed more easily. ‘Freezing’, a symptom of Parkinson’s’ disease can be distressing for patients. It affects gait initiation, turning and moving through small spaces, such a doors and busy areas. Anxiety can exacerbate freezing and it is vital that the nurse can firstly recognise anxiety, this may be achieve through effective communication and listening skills and secondly developing strategies to reduce anxiety levels such as allowing him time to talk, listening and taking on board his expressions allowing for a trusting relationship to be developed, helping him to build in confidence and preparing him psychologically for going home. Various strategies have been suggested to assist with ‘freezing’. Alexander, Fawcett and Runicnan (2006) suggest cognitive techniques in breaking down movement. They suggest breaking down the task of getting out of bed in the morning and describe that patients should bend their knees so that feet are flat on the mattress and they the patient should swing knees in the direction that he wants to turn. The next stage involves clasping both hands and lifting them straight up, straightening the elbows, then turning the head and swinging the arms in the same direction as the legs. Finally the patient can grip the edge of the mattress and adjust his position until comfortable. When Mr Henderson is mobilising then it is important that he does not have any distractions and the nurse or othe r members of staff should not disturb or interrupt if at all possible as this could lead to ‘freezing’. The Parkinson’s Disease Society describe cueing strategies as external meaning visual, auditory or preprioceptive or internal meaning cognitive.

Israeli Foreign Policy (1945-2001) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Israeli Foreign Policy (1945-2001) - Essay Example This invasion turned into the Israel's War for Independence, which was settled in 1949 with an armistice agreement that resulted in Israeli land increasing by 50%.2 President Harry S. Truman was the first US President who formally recognized the State of Israel, but only after heated disagreements within his cabinet, as the United States was worried about the Arab States, mainly because the Arab States controlled so much of the world's oil supply. Because of this, according to Danon (2012), the recognition of Israel by the United States was only symbolic, and the United States did not give Israel much support. In 1949, Israel signed armistice agreements between Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria. In 1948, the UN had adopted a resolution that Israel and the neighboring states should try to negotiate peace, and it also created a Palestine Conciliation Commission (PCC), however, all of the Arab states, with the exception of Turkey, voted against this. The Arab States actually continued t he aggression, despite the peace brokering. Egypt closed down the Suez Canal to Israeli shipping, and Egypt was ordered by the UN to reopen it in 1951, but Egypt refused. In 1955, Egypt imported arms to the Soviets, which would be used against Israel, and the Suez Canal was nationalized in 1956. In October of that year, Egypt signed a tripartite agreement with Syria and Jordan which placed Gamel Abdel Nasser, the President of Egypt, in charge of the armies of all three of those countries.3 That same year, 1956, Israel attacked Egypt, backed by Britain and France. However, according to Danon(2012), the reason why Britain and France went to war with Egypt was not because of Egyptian aggression towards Israel, but because Egypt had closed the Suez Canal, which meant that the British and France interests were affected.4 The United States did not show support for Israel in this conflict, as they had ordered Israel to withdraw from the area. The reason for this, according to Danon (2012) was because the United States was concerned that helping Israel would end up helping communists this is because so there so many Russian emigres into Israel, and that these emigres might be communists. This meant that during Eisenhower's tenure, there was lackluster support for Israel. Moreover, there was a cessation of hostilities, eventually, and the US supported the cessation, without demanding from Egypt a formalized peace agreement.5 The UN ended up taking control of the Suez Canal, and Israel withdrew from the Egyptian territory, while remaining in the mouth of the Gulf of Arab and in the Gaza Strip.6 This is what caused the largest rift between Israel and the United States to date, according to Danon (2012). The United States was angry that Israel remained in Egypt, and threatened sanctions and also threatened to outlaw American Jewish organizations that aided Israel. The pressure resulted in Israel withdrawing from Egypt, without Egyptian concessions, and the Suez Canal was still closed to Israeli ships.7 The fact that Egypt still had the Suez Canal closed to Israeli ships was what cause, in part, the 1967 Six-Day War. During this time, the Palestine Liberation Organization, or the PLO, also formed.8 During this period of time, Danon (2012) said that there was, overall, a lack of support from the United States, because the Unite

Reaction paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Reaction paper - Essay Example Indeed, if one really thinks hard, it was right that running out of gas was made illegal because it could have been dangerous for other speeding cars. It is no wonder that car manufacturers like Volkswagen, Porsche etc. were inspired to design and create new high speed models with low friction tyres, massive engine and sensitive suspension system which could attain great speed. But today, the speed limit on autobahn is imposed because of two major reasons: increasing traffic and to promote conservation of forest land that was being adversely impacted due pollution emitted by high speeding cars. Interestingly, autobahns have seen fewer accidents as against American interstate. The reasons could probably be contributed to conscientious Germans who have great road sense and road authorities who mandate strict driving criteria for its drivers. The autobahns have inspired other countries like America to create such network of long highways which connect far away states and nations. The au tobahns of Germany have indeed become a world symbol for super highways where one can still experience the exhilaration of extreme speed. (words: 294) Reference ‘Modern Marvels – The Autobahns’. Retrieved from:

Research Paper on Steroids in Sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Paper on Steroids in Sports - Essay Example Needless to say, there is tremendous ground breaking pressure on athletes and sports representatives to make sure they bring home the gold; otherwise they might have to suffer dire consequences. With all the stakes that are involved, it is only prudent from the athlete’s point of view to make sure that they are the best in their competitive lot by hook or by crook. This is where the abuse of medicine to enhance their performance comes in; with evidently positive intentions, sports are now infiltrated with infamous scandals relating to doping and usage of steroids to enhance performance. The essay primarily discusses a brief history of the usage of steroids in sports, followed by an analysis of the reasons for the increase and the repercussions that athletes face after failing the test. This essay also analyzes if the repercussions are barring the use of steroids or if there is a need of a stricter policy to ensure that steroids are not abused in sports. Steroids: Steroids are similar to certain hormones present in our body and they act like those hormones and sometimes are introduced artificially in our body. The body in itself is able to produce this hormone to fight stress and helps in promoting growth and development. Therefore, they are a very important part of human body. Introduction of these hormones in the human body will help in increasing the development and stamina of athletes. Especially when people are injured, steroids can help in increase the speed of growth and development of the human body. Therefore, they are a complete hit in the sports arena and are allegedly used by athletes to increase man power and stamina to endure the immense physical strain they put their body through. History: One of the first cases of the usage of steroids in sports was reported in 1954. The Soviets, in the World Weightlifting championship, dominated more than anybody and it was revealed that they were given testosterone injections to enhance their sports perf ormance. However, enhancements had been tried before too; citations go back to Greece. It has been observed that athletes have taken extreme measures and followed stringent regimes in order to increase their physical efficiency and fitness nearing a tournament. Although, one might not want to judge the motives behind this action of theirs, it has been observed that more and more corruption came into sports are the financial stakes of the tournaments were increased. The more the prize money was, the more there was a chance for the athletes to experiment with medicine. Therefore, many athletes from as far as Greek times have been known to take extreme measures like eating meat for months before a tournament, in order to increase the presence of testosterone in their body. The story is not very different today; it might actually feel pretty similar to many of us. We are bombarded with dope tests and other kinds of drug tests that are found negative in players from all kinds of sports, from all over the world. The stakes are so high that even after extreme punishments, sportsmen and sportswomen still find the idea of pushing their body to a new level artificially through medicine. Steroids in High School Sports: The use of drugs that enhance physical capabilities is not only restricted to international sports. At the high school level sports, this problem is increasing, or so is quoted by the

The lessons for auditors and regulators from Enron fraud Essay

The lessons for auditors and regulators from Enron fraud - Essay Example This paper concerns the auditing as an investigative process performed to verify the reliability and accuracy of a company’s state of affairs for the last fiscal period. A comprehensive and authentic audit report adds to shareholder values and assists the company’s stakeholders to analyse how the management has responded to their financial interests. In addition, business decisions of third party stakeholders such as banks, other lending institutions, and investors are centred on the company’s annual audit report. It seems that even a well structured audit programme may fail to provide desired outcomes unless the whole audit team pays special attention to each and every phase of the audit process. The past decade witnessed a series of corporate scandals including Lernout & Hauspie, Arthur Anderson, Enron, WorldCom, Parmalat, Peregrine Systems, Rite Aid, and Homestore.com. Subsequent investigations have proven that majority of those failures were attributable to a ccounting fraud. However, these incidents greatly increased the significance of audit work and firms nowadays allot more money for developing internal control systems. Many of the economists argue that weaker corporate governance structure also greatly contributed to those corporate failures. As a result, organisations are vehemently trying to improve their corporate governance framework. Evidently, audit firms have made strategic amendments to their processes and procedures to detect frauds and errors in the account books of the client on time. This paper will analyse the lessons that auditors and regulators must learn from Enron Fraud. Enron Scandal: Overview In 1985, The Huston Natural Gas integrated its natural gas pipeline companies with those of InterNorth under the supervision of Kenneth Lay to form Enron. The Enron became the North America’s largest natural gas dealer by 1992 and the company’s gas contracts trading operations significantly contributed to its ma rket dominance. The firm’s stock rose by 311% during the period 1990-1998 and its market capitalisation went over $60 billion by the end of the year 2000. This unimaginable growth assisted the company to be rated as the most innovative huge company in Fortune’s Most Admired Companies survey. Unlike other corporate giants, the Enron had not published its balance sheet along with statement of earnings and this practice persuaded financial analysts to explore the company’s sources of income. Despite the explanations given by the company officials, Enron’ stocks started to fall in 2001 mainly due to its indecipherable nature of business and vague accounting practices. Following the stock level declines, the company faced a series of challenges including restructuring losses, the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) investigation, liquidity issues, and credit rating downgrade. The Enron scandal was revealed in October 2001 and it gradually led to bankru ptcy. Reports indicated that Enron scandal was the biggest audit failure at that time. Jeffrey Skilling, the former President, CEO, and COO of the Enron Corporation, misled the company’s stakeholders through special purpose entities, accounting loopholes, and unsupported financial reporting practices and therefore they (stakeholders) were unable to identify debts resulted from failed deals and projects. These deceitful practices assisted the company to exaggerate its profit figures and thereby unfairly retain the trust of its shareholders. Andrew Fastow, the Chief Financial Officer, and other executives misled the Enron’s board of directors and also forced Andersen to neglect the issues. As per reports, the Enron shareholders lost nearly $11 billion when the company’s stock price fell from US$90 per share in mid-2000 to less than $1 in late-2001 (World News Inc, 2012). Following this issue, the U.S Securities and Exchange Commission commenced an investigation to bring out the actual reasons behind this

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 20

Case study - Essay Example This is because there was a lack of team approach and communication deficits among the doctors and most healthcare workers. The different specialists who treated his various ailments lacked concern about what their counterparts did and this only compounded Mr. Roberts’s problems. He also notes that although there were ample medical records, consultants hardly reviewed the information within meaning that prescriptions they made and treatment they offered was questionable and not comprehensive enough. This resulted in wastage on valuable resources due to replication of prescriptions and reproduction of ineffective therapeutic plans. Physicians and patients hardly communicate well and this only exacerbates a medical situation. Treating all patients equally is said to have cost Mr. Roberts’s brothers life. Moreover, lack of assertiveness and ignorance among patients is a factor that contributes to untimely death and worsening of medical conditions. Ability for patients to ascertain true qualifications of physicians is very important (Gillies, 2003). Mr. Roberts we are told had to travel for more than 100 miles to get treated by the right physician. Hence, patient’s knowledge play a very important role in enhancing their

Research Paper on Steroids in Sports Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Paper on Steroids in Sports - Essay Example Needless to say, there is tremendous ground breaking pressure on athletes and sports representatives to make sure they bring home the gold; otherwise they might have to suffer dire consequences. With all the stakes that are involved, it is only prudent from the athlete’s point of view to make sure that they are the best in their competitive lot by hook or by crook. This is where the abuse of medicine to enhance their performance comes in; with evidently positive intentions, sports are now infiltrated with infamous scandals relating to doping and usage of steroids to enhance performance. The essay primarily discusses a brief history of the usage of steroids in sports, followed by an analysis of the reasons for the increase and the repercussions that athletes face after failing the test. This essay also analyzes if the repercussions are barring the use of steroids or if there is a need of a stricter policy to ensure that steroids are not abused in sports. Steroids: Steroids are similar to certain hormones present in our body and they act like those hormones and sometimes are introduced artificially in our body. The body in itself is able to produce this hormone to fight stress and helps in promoting growth and development. Therefore, they are a very important part of human body. Introduction of these hormones in the human body will help in increasing the development and stamina of athletes. Especially when people are injured, steroids can help in increase the speed of growth and development of the human body. Therefore, they are a complete hit in the sports arena and are allegedly used by athletes to increase man power and stamina to endure the immense physical strain they put their body through. History: One of the first cases of the usage of steroids in sports was reported in 1954. The Soviets, in the World Weightlifting championship, dominated more than anybody and it was revealed that they were given testosterone injections to enhance their sports perf ormance. However, enhancements had been tried before too; citations go back to Greece. It has been observed that athletes have taken extreme measures and followed stringent regimes in order to increase their physical efficiency and fitness nearing a tournament. Although, one might not want to judge the motives behind this action of theirs, it has been observed that more and more corruption came into sports are the financial stakes of the tournaments were increased. The more the prize money was, the more there was a chance for the athletes to experiment with medicine. Therefore, many athletes from as far as Greek times have been known to take extreme measures like eating meat for months before a tournament, in order to increase the presence of testosterone in their body. The story is not very different today; it might actually feel pretty similar to many of us. We are bombarded with dope tests and other kinds of drug tests that are found negative in players from all kinds of sports, from all over the world. The stakes are so high that even after extreme punishments, sportsmen and sportswomen still find the idea of pushing their body to a new level artificially through medicine. Steroids in High School Sports: The use of drugs that enhance physical capabilities is not only restricted to international sports. At the high school level sports, this problem is increasing, or so is quoted by the