Cash Flow Forecast Statement in Hidetoseek Ltd Assignment

Essays on Cash Flow Forecast Statement in Hidetoseek Ltd Assignment ï » ¿Cash Flow Forecast Statement in Hidetoseek Ltd. Table of Contents Solution 1 2 Solution 2 3 Solution 3 4 Solution 4 5 Solution 5 6 Bibliography 7 Solution 1 Cash Flow Forecast Statement for the period of June 01, 2010 to November 30, 2010 Particulars June July August September October November Opening Balance (4,500.00) (9,754.60) (36,788.23) (23,232.09) (10,592.23) 1,117.77 Sales 18,500.00 16,500.00 18,000.00 17,000.00 20,000.00 18,000.00    14,000.00 6,745.40 (18,788.23) (6,232.09) 9,407.77 19,117.77 Purchase 12,400.00 35,000.00 - - - - Annual Factory Rent 4,000.00 4,000.00 - - 4,000.00 - Salaries and Wages Expenses 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 2,500.00 Cost of Heating and Lighting 360.00 360.00 360.00 360.00 360.00 360.00 Interest on capital and long term loan 650.00 650.00 650.00 650.00 650.00 650.00 General expenses 780.00 780.00 780.00 780.00 780.00 780.00 Tax Liability 3,000.00 - - - - - Total Expenses 23,690.00 43,290.00 4,290.00 4,290.00 8,290.00 4,290.00 Gross Balance/(Overdraft) (9,690.00) (36,544.60) (23,078.23) (10,522.09) 1,117.77 14,827.77 Less: Interest on Overdraft 64.60 243.63 153.85 70.15 - - Closing Balance/(Overdraft) (9,754.60) (36,788.23) (23,232.09) (10,592.23) 1,117.77 14,827.77 Note: Assumption is made that overdraft limit has been increased with same rate of interest. Solution 2 Analysis of Hidetoseek Ltd’s cash flow from June 2010 to November 2010 shows that company’s liquidity ratio is picking up from August 2010. From June 2010 till July 2010, Hidetoseek Ltd has shown steep decline on liquidity position of the company due to decrease in cash in hand. Reasons behind reduced cash amount in month of July are because of decrease in monthly sales or revenue and increased liability and expenses. In the month of June, Hidetoseek Ltd adopted new strategy of bulk buying. This strategy adopted for getting price discounts on raw materials purchased form United Kingdom has increased liability in June and expenses in July. In July, the company had to pay the whole credit amount because of its credit agreement between Hidetoseek and United Kingdom suppliers. These lead to the wide difference between revenue and expenses. It is from August that the company cash flow is showing positive flow of profit. Only in the month of July, cash flow has declined because of huge liability payment made by company for its bulk purchase of raw material. In the coming six months period, main issue that Hidetoseek managers can face is that of increasing sales. The second major question in front of company is how to fill this cash huge gap of loss and profit and the third issue will be if diversification will be helpful to enhance profitability. Huge gap will lead to liquidation problems. Cash helps fulfilling working capital needs of every organization and for formulating reinvestment too. So, increase in incoming cash flow is very essential for Hidetoseek’s growth in future. Solution 3 Profit and cash are both very different accounting terms used for different purposes. Profit is what we get when we deduct all expenditures like purchase and manufacturing costs, selling and administrative expenses from sale. Profit consists within both transactions i.e. credit and cash sale. But cash of the business represents only cash transactions. Form the following cash flow analysis of Hidetoseek Ltd., the company is facing liquidity deficit in the month of June which is followed by the huge crisis in July. Hidetoseek Ltd. has large portion of fixed cost and small portion of variable cost. This limits the great fluctuations in cost incurred by company. On the other side, its sale or revenue is increased compared to previous month. When purchase and all operational expenses are deducted form company’s total sale it has been analysed that Hidetoseek has made profit in this month of June but due to extra expenses on payment of tax liability and outstanding rent of May its cash balance has reduced. Due to cash deficit faced by Hidetoseek in the month of June its liquidity position declined. Liquidity position of any company is directly related to cash and those equivalents of cash. Solution 4 Diversification of product helps in diversifying risk associated with single product entity. It also increases target market segment and opens more opportunities to capture the market. Hidetoseek’s investment to machinery for production of leather wallet is  £ 120000. The main two sources of finance that Hidetoseek can get are through issuing right issue or long term loan. It is right issue because as per the company’s performance a chance of getting IPO is less. Its advantages are it will get the requisite funds, don’t have to pay interest, increase market capitalization and most important its stakeholders will be motivated. Disadvantage faced by Hidetoseek will have to give discount per share. Second method that can be adopted for getting finance is through long term long. Its advantage is that of easy availability of cash. Disadvantage related to this option is Hidetoseek will be legally obligated to pay interest on principle amount and also there will be long term increase in liability. Solution 5 Hidetoseek Ltd. is formulating its new strategy for importing raw material. Earlier it has been supplied with raw materials, accessories and leather form United Kingdom companies. Target market of Hidetoseek is that of high end customers. There most important element in Hidetoseek’s products will be focused on quality. South American market products are cheap but of low quality and this may lead to decline in brand image of company and also decline in sale margin in the long term. The second issue Hidetoseek can face is increasing operational cost due to increase in transportation cost of raw materials from South America. Operational cost will also increase because of trade policies followed by South American government and fluctuating global market effect on South America currency. If currency value rises Hidetoseek would have to pay increased price to the importing companies whereas United Kingdom companies are offering them discount in bulk purchasing of raw material. Purch ase of raw material form United Kingdom will help them to reduce transportation cost with enhancing strong relationship which will help them in long run. If Hidetoseek import raw materials from South America, it has to face country risk, currency risk and also quality risk. Bibliography Dropkin, M. Et. Al, 2007. The Budget-Building Book for Nonprofits: a step-by-step guide for Managers and Boards. John Wiley and Sons. Jawaharlal, 2002. Cost Accounting. Tata McGraw-Hill. Khan, M.Y., 2004. Financial Management: Text, Problems And Cases. Tata McGraw-Hill. Khan Jain, 2005. Cost Acc Fin Mgmt Ca Pe Ii. Tata McGraw-Hill. Khan Jain., 2000. Cost Accounting. Tata McGraw-Hill. Linzer, R Linzer, A. 2006. The Cash Flow Solution: The Nonprofit Board Member's Guide to Financial Success. John Wiley and Sons. McMillan, E.J., 2010. Not-for-Profit Budgeting and Financial Management. John Wiley and Sons. Nigam, B.M.L., 2004. Cost Accounting: An Introduction. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Pizzey, A., 1989. Cost and Management Accounting: An Introduction for Students. SAGE. Rainsford, P. Bangs, D.H., 2000. The Restaurant Start-up guide: a 12-month plan for Successfully Starting a Restaurant. Kaplan Publishing.

Substantial Problems on Industrialization Free Essays

At the turn of the century, a spirit of reform known as progressivism took hold of many American people. Less a united movement than a loose gathering of casual and improbable alliances, progressivism targeted the massive problems of an urban, industrialized nation. In spite of resistance, progressives were able to redefine government†s role in American life, make a serious run for the White House, and ratify such lasting reforms. We will write a custom essay sample on Substantial Problems on Industrialization or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the nightfall of the 1800†³s, many citizens could see that existing efforts to solve the substantial problems of industrialization were failing. The 1880†³s and 1890†³s were filled with lively debates about how to reform society. The ideas of journalists Henry George and Edward Bellamy were among the most popular. In 1879 Henry George had written a book Progress and Poverty in an effort to explain why an advanced civilization seemed to increase rather than eliminate poverty. George proposed to solve this problem by ending taxes on improvements on land, such as housing and cultivation. George proposed just a single tax – on the value of land itself. Such a tax would make a speculation in land less attractive by increasing the cost of holding land without using it. In 1888 newspaper editor Edward Bellamy published a novel called Looking Backward. Incorporated into the novel was the story of a man being hypnotized and waking up in the year 2000. All of the harsh working conditions, social class set backs, and political corruption that existed in 1887 no longer existed. The reason for such a change was that government had nationalized the great trusts and organized industrial management. Socialists, unionists, and city government reformers also had many followers. Progressives realized that the nation†s free enterprise system often could be unfair, but they did not want to lose the high standard of living and personal liberty it had given them, and they deeply feared the violence of revolution. Thus, progressives were faced with the question of how to preserve what was good about the United States while reforming the bad. In order to protect vulnerable citizens, progressives accepted an increased level of government control over areas once considered private, such as housing and healthcare. Florence Kelley became a leader in the search for answers. She soon became a resident in Jane Addams† Hull House in Chicago. Largely through her efforts, in 1893 Illinois passed a law prohibiting child labor, limiting working hours for women, and regulating sweatshop conditions. In 1954 Supreme Court justice Felix Frankfurter said that Florence Kelley â€Å"had probably the largest share in shaping the social history of the United States during the first thirty years of this century. † Driven by the mounting tide of public demand, an inundation of progressive reform programs flowed through local, state, and federal legislatures. Targets for the proposed reforms included politics, society, and the economy. Some reform mayors led movements for city – supported welfare services. Hazen Pingree provided public baths, parks, and, to combat the 1893 depression, a work relief program. â€Å"Golden Rule† Jones opened playgrounds and free kindergartens and built lodging houses for the homeless. â€Å"Nobody has the right to rule anybody else,† he once said. He thought all people would be good if social conditions were good. Progressive governors and state legislators also were active. Governors Robert LaFollette in Wisconsin and Hiram Johnson in California introduced reforms to make government more efficient and responsive to voters. Progressivism appeared at the federal level in labor and industrial relations, in the regulation of business and commerce. By the time Theodore Roosevelt completed his second term in 1909, the government had filed forty – two antitrust actions. The beef trust, Standard Oil, and the American Tobacco Company were either broken up or forced to reorganize. Roosevelt was not antibusiness. He did not wish to destroy trusts he deemed â€Å"good,† or not harmful to the public, he just felt they should be supervised and controlled. The progressive era also gave way to they sixteenth and seventeenth amendments. The sixteenth amendment allowed government to raise more revenue from wealthy people†s income and less from tariffs that hurt the working poor. The seventeenth amendment took the election of senators out of the hands of legislature; voters were thus allowed to play a more direct role in government. By the mid – 1910†³s, progressives could take pride in the many changes they had helped bring about, such as redefining the role of government in business and politics. Some reformers included Henry George, Edward Bellamy, Florence Kelley, and the nation separated as local, state, and federal. The beginning of the war in Europe brought about the end of the progressive era in 1914, by the end of 1916 the reform period of the United States had sputtered out. How to cite Substantial Problems on Industrialization, Essay examples

Impact of Readymade Garments on the Economy of Bangladesh free essay sample

But thisis not the end of their suffering – they faceabuse in the workplace, sexual harass-ment and rape, and even death. Death Trap On 23 February 2006 a ? re broke out at KTS Garments in Chittagong. Specialarrangements were made on that day foran emergency night shift; food wasarranged for about a thousand workers. But how many of the workers could escapethe deadly ? re? Nobody knows for sure,even today. I personally visited the factory three days after; yet I met many who werelooking for their daughters, sisters or rela-tives who were working in hat factory. Even after three days nobody was allowedto enter the factory. I managed to take aquick look in different areas up to thethird ? oor. Hundreds of small bags usually carried by female workers were here andthere. I found those totally empty. Whohave stolen the â€Å"precious† things fromthese bags? No one was allowed to enterafter the ? re broke out; the factory wasstrictly guarded by police and the Rapid Action Battalion ( RAB ). We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Readymade Garments on the Economy of Bangladesh or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The workers didnot have much money to be looted. Theonly thing they had – very important tothem – was their ID ard, which was theonly proof of their identity and their link with the factory. That was the main proof to identify and count the dead and injured,and to make a claim for compensation. The owners had every reason to takethose cards away. Possible claims for com-pensation also explain the unwillingnessof many employers to give appointmentletters to the workers. Since the early 1990s, more than athousand people, mostly teenage girls,lost their lives in different garment facto-ries because of either? re, or collapse of an un-authorised factory build-ing, or secret killing by goons or in police ? ing. Some factories reported-ly kept their gates closedduring ? re incidents. On6 January 2005, duringa ? re at Shaan Knittingand Processing in Naray-anganj, all the gates of the building werekept locked. The incident claimed 23 lives. The collapse of a nine-story garmentfactory building at Savar near Dhaka on11 April 2005 caused more than 100 workerdeaths and another 100 workers missing. Suddenly turned into a mass grave, thefactory had been producing nearly 80,000items of clothes annually for the marketsof Europe and the US This building wasconstructed without proper authorisation. A ? re in a building that housed SaiemFashions and other garment factories,killed three workers and injuring 50 inMarch 2006. Three more factory accidentsoccurred in early 2006, two in Dhaka andone in Chittagong, leaving at least 142 workers killed and more than 500 injuredmany of them disabled for life. Newspaperreports made it clear that all these acci-dents took place due to lack of propersafety measures a t the factories. Thesereports also revealed the fact that according to of? ial statistics, only threeinspectors are engaged in inspectingsafety measures at as many as 15,000factories under the Dhaka divisional fac-tory inspection of? ce. And only 20 in-spectors are now deployed to inspectaround 50,000 registered factories in thecountry – four of them are working at thehead of? ce, six at the Dhaka divisional of-? ce, and three at Chittagong, Khulna andRajshahi divisional of? ces ( Daily Star ,28 February 2006). The following list of factory ? res anddeaths was published in The Daily Star on27 February 2010 after another deadly fac-tory ? e. Development or Destruction, Essays onGlobal Hegemony, Corporate Grabbing and Bang-ladesh, Sraban. New Age (2010): â€Å"Exploiting the Economy Builders† by Mohiuddin Alamgir, New Age Extra , 13-19 August, www. newagebd. com. Sobhan, Rehman and Nasreen Khundker, ed. (2001): Globalisation and Gender (Dhaka: UPL). Sweatfree (2010): â€Å" Fighting Poverty Wages in Bangla-desh† at http://www. sweatfree. org/docs/ene-miesofthenation. pdf, December. Workers World (2006): â€Å"Garment Strike in Bangla-desh: Whose Responsibility, Whose Interests? †,June. . ? . ? . . . impact of readymade garments on the economy of bangladesh

King Richard Iii and Looking for Richard Essay Plan free essay sample

Intro * Both Shakespeare’s Richard III and Al Pacino’s Looking for Richard both portray central values and ideas of the time. * The texts ideas are reflected by the context of the time. * Both texts written in different time periods meaning completely different contexts which shape the text. * Through Pacino’s hybrid style docudrama, he attempts to demystify Shakespeare’s Richard III, making it more accessible to the everyday person. Shakespeare shows the journey in Richard III of Richard himself on his dark quest to becoming king by both using his literary skills and performance to attain what he wants, ultimately being power. * Both texts use propaganda but whereas Shakespeare alludes to the Tudor Myth which is ingratiating himself to his patrons. Whereas Pacino is being more provocative. He is challenging the authority that the British literary world has over Shakespeare. * Both texts also use performance to connect ideas between the two Para 1- Richard III * Context War of the Roses – now that his house has won the battle. We will write a custom essay sample on King Richard Iii and Looking for Richard Essay Plan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He wants to be king Tudor Myth – had to ingratiate to the Tudor house and uphold their reign. This too is one of Pacino’s main challenges as he is expressing an egalitarian society where all people and their views are equal as he speaks to various people on the street. However Shakespeare had to ingratiate his monarch, the Tudor House and ensure Tudor patronage. * Throughout the entire play, Shakespeare depicts Richard as a monstrous Machiavellian. Who Nicollo Machiavelli described in his book which was written in Shakespeare’s time is when a person may use craft or deceit in order to maintain or achieve power. Shakespeare presents Richard in this way as he was from the House York which is what the Tudors opposed when they first came to power. * Opening soliloquy – See Richards true character and his intentions in the play. Recognises himself in the play, â€Å"I am determined to prove a villain. † Metafiction shown. Richard feels that he needs to get into power to make up for him being â€Å"rudely stamped,† and â€Å"Cheated of feature by dissembling nature. † * Shakespeare exaggerates and devalues Richard in this manner to perpetuate the Tudor myth whilst demonising Richard, which institutes the Tudor reign as one of providence and divine sanctioning. Para 2 – looking for Richard * CHALLENGES Pacino isn’t challenging the actual information and ideas expressed in Richard III. But rather he is challenging the British literary world, and their belief that they hold all the knowledge to Shakespeare’s plays. He does this constantly throughout the entire film, showing scenes of British scholars where he has put them on the spot making them seem as if they don’t know anything. A great example of this is when he is interviewing Emrys Jones, a well-known Shakespeare academic and he is asked a question to which he responds, â€Å"I don’t really know the answer. Straight away the scene is cut and immediately followed by a different scene of Pacino explaining exactly what the British scholar couldn’t. The constant use of cutting and framing different scene helps Pacino not only challenge the British literary world by giving them the message that he and numerous other Americans which he interviewed o n the streets hold knowledge about Shakespeare. But also, the fact that he can make it into a film as well proves that they are wrong that the actor holds the power to. â€Å"You want to do it wiz your American accent? Shows jarring which stirs the audience’s image that Pacino can produce a successful version of the play. Pacino challenges not only this question, but the actual theory that Shakespeare put forward * REFLECTS – I do believe however that in this aspect of Looking for Richard, Pacino challenges the ideas more. In one scene of the play Pacino and Kimball travel to England and visit the house which Shakespeare grew up in, in hope that they would achieve some sort of epiphany of knowledge about the plays. Linking back to the point that the British believe they ‘own’ the knowledge on Shakespeare. However they find that they did not feel any epiphany or difference at all, proving again that the British do not hold all the power and knowledge over Shakespeare and his plays and that actors like himself can possibly hold more knowledge that the academics and scholars. Para 3 – Richard III – performance * Lady Anne scene – Richard turns from the monstrous Machiavellian character we see throughout most of the play, into a romantic wooer. He uses rhetorical language such as pathos to connect with her emotions which assists him in essentially ‘capturing’ Lady Anne. The fact that Richard had just killed her husband King Edward, with her still being with his coffin just makes Richard seem even more powerful as he still manages to pull Lady Anne into marrying him. Although in this scene Lady Anne proves to hold the knowledge of language too as there is constant stichomythia between the two characters through most of the scene but the line which best shows this is when Richard says â€Å"Bid me kill myself. I will do it. † And Lady Anne responds with â€Å"I have already. † Showing that she can be quite witty too, but not enough for Richard. Pacino shows his power of being director by taking out a lot of the stichomythia between Richard and Lady Anne which removes some of her agency, that causing Richard to seem more powerful, convincing and in control. Para 4 – Looking for Richard performance * CHALLENGES Penelope Allen shows the power of both the actor and method acting. It challenges the fact that women had no dominant rol e in society, whereas in this scene of Looking for Richard, we see her using method acting to get into character in rehearsal and raise her voice over all the other men and women in the room when she says, â€Å"If he were dead, what would betide on me? Pacino provides the point here that using performance to change into character, can allow women to be completely dominant over men in a modern society. * REFLECTS – Both Pacino and Shakespeare’s Richard both change character to essentially get what they want. Richard, wanting power to be king. Pacino wanting power over his film. Pacino, the star actor and also director of his own film, changes character various times throughout the film. One of the key scenes depicting his want for power is when he is being the actor and discussing a few lines in the play with his assistant director, Kimball and Pacino decides to completely change the script. â€Å"G of Edwards heirs the murderer shall be. † Is what the line usually says. But Pacino changes it to, â€Å"C of Edwards heirs the murderer shall be. † This gives Pacino the power as he now has control over both the film and its script. He changes this as he believes it will be easier for people to understand and ultimately once again make the play more ‘accessible’ for the audience.

September 11 Bombing

September 11 Bombing September 11 Bombing The September 11th booming was an attack set by a terror group named as the Al-Qaida against the United States of America. The Al-Qaida group is believed to have used nineteen men of the same associate who also accepted to sacrifice their lives just to see that their aim had come to success. This essay discuses the September 11 attack on the American twin towers of New York City. It will focus on the casualties, damages, and the aftermath. We will also talk about the attackers and their intension. There were very many casualties reported allover the Twin Tower. Some had broken hands, legs, and many injuries in different parts of the body. This included many damages for instance, Twins Towers were destroyed, Marriott world trade center. This also caused the closure of the world financial center. The police helped in getting bodies from the rubbles. Over 2700 people lost lives (Wanttoknow.info, (n.d)). Those who lost there relatives went through deep sorrow and pain. Aftermath This left a great impact in the world. Nations began enforcement against anti-terror groups. The incidence left at least three thousand children without or with only one parent. The situation also brought unity to many nations against al-Qaida (Kimball, 2005). People made promises that such things will not happen again. It also led to scientific methods of investigations like closed circuit television (CCTV) cameras, among other modern technology and new modes of training of security personnel. There is no clear evidence of who was behind the attacks, but it is believed that it was the al-Qaida group. They did this because they wanted Americans to leave there territory of holy worship in Saudi Arabia. Nineteen people organized it Mohamed Atta from Egypt led it. The group began when the Soviet Union fought against Afghanistan. Osama-Bin-Laden is said to have chaired and was the head of the whole terror group. He has been rear since 1998 and it is not clear if he is dead or still living. It was full of havoc. No one should allow such acts to happen again. Wherever we are as human beings, we should be sensitive against terror activities. We should all condemn it. Encourage donors to help orphans and widows. Let us promote peace and unity, despite who our neighbors are.

Charles Murray Essay Example for Free

Charles Murray Essay The New Right came from the work of the American Sociologist Charles Murray who viewed welfare payments has causing lone parenthood which in turn created an underclass. Charles Murray visited the UK in 1989 and said it has a developing underclass. Murray said: â€Å"the underclass are defined by their behaviour. Their homes are littered and unkempt. The men in the family are unable to hold down a job. Drunkenness is common. The children grew up ill-schooled and ill-behaved and contribute to a disproportionate share of juvenile delinquents† Murray saw underclass as behaviour a lifestyle choice, a disease which infects certain groups of people. ‘When I use the term ‘underclass’ I am indeed focusing on a certain type of poor person defined not by his condition, for example, long-term unemployment, but by his deplorable behaviour in response to that condition, for example, unwilling to take jobs that are available to him.’ This shows how members of the underclass define themselves as different by their own behaviour. Murray singles out three forms of behaviour that define underclass status: * Parenting behaviour * Criminal behaviour * Labour market behaviour Specifically, it is illegitimate births to young women, habitual crime and particularly violent crime, and the refusal of young working class men to enter employment that determines the existence of an underclass. ‘If illegitimate births are the leading indicator of an underclass and violent crime a proxy measure of its development, the definitive proof that an underclass has arrived is that large numbers of young, healthy, low-income males choose not to take jobs. (The young idle rich are a separate problem).’ (Murray, 1990) Since, in his analysis, it is the poor themselves that are to blame for their poverty, because they either choose to act in a certain way, or are conditioned to do so by over-generous government welfare, the policy solutions that flow from this analysis are, not surprisingly, aimed at changing the behaviour of the poor. The alternative, improving the effectiveness of the welfare programmes, is not considered. Indeed for New Right theorists, the welf are state is a major part of the problem. What such theorists would seek is the dismantling of the welfare state, and a situation set up that would make it dysfunctional for individuals to act in deviant ways. David Marsland Sociologist David Marsland has adopted the new right approach and does not believe that poverty is as bad as others are making out. He claims that groups such as the Joseph Rowntree Foundation purposely confuse poverty with inequality and completely exaggerates the extent of poverty. He argues that there is only absolute poverty and that relative does not exist. Marsland is very critical about universal benefits and services such as health care, education and child benefits. He believes that people who are on low income are results of the state being too generous in their benefits and services rather than the individual’s inadequacy to work (Haralambos & Holborn, 2008). A quote from Marsland : â€Å"the expectation that society, the state, the government, â€Å"they†, will look after our problems tricks us into abdicating from self-reliance and social responsibly† (Marsland 1989). However, Marsland has been criticised by Bill Jordan who says that he is wrong to b lame the culture of dependency to universal welfare provision. He argues that selectively means testing benefits can trap people in a life of poverty. It often turns out that people are better off on benefits than they would be in work. It also can exclude the individual from the rest of society and make them feel ashamed and embarrassed that they receive benefits. Also, if education and health care are private then people with disability and unskilled workers may not be able to afford or find work. Jordan also claims that societies that rely upon means-tested benefits and private health care, tend to develop a large underclass, who have little chance of escaping from poverty; this is the case in countries such as America. Jordan states that poverty is a result of societies being too harsh. He argues that the only way to break the cycle of poverty is by universal benefits that are at a high enough standard so people can afford to work and get back up on their feet (Haralambos & Holborn, 2008). Despite this, the New Right approach has been influential across Western countries, and the Conservative party is in power in Britain today. Charles Murray. (2016, Mar 23). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Autobiographical gender socialization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Autobiographical gender socialization - Essay Example While I was a homemaker, I was stigmatised by the community and with no any forecast. As a medical student, I am regarded as a valuable woman, and my life has been full of joy. The similarity of cooking soup portrays my life has a homemaker. On the other hand, writing papers shows my life as a medical student. Introduction A gender-based examination of the relation between the need to be the ultimate writer with the urge to be the ultimate soup maker is the thesis of this paper. The information given is autobiographical. My goal is to express my changing role from a homemaker, to a doctor who is successful in the area of academics. Gender plays a crucial role by virtue of that the homemaker’s work of preparing soup is feminized in community, whereas the medical’s student work of writing papers is masculine. To start with, a literature review on the duty of a woman and the merit of female’s voice will be given (Watson 432). According to this review, a clear pictur e of my changing responsibility from that of a homemaker to a medical student will be presented. Preparing soup originates from a disciplinary system and is seen as a kind of individual –construction, whereas writing papers is a resistant system and a self-reconstruction. These two opposing life experiences assist to demonstrate how a gender point of view affects my insight of women’s importance in the community. ... First, preparing soup helped to keep my daughter’s nutritional health and give a disciplinary system in my determination to be the best mother. Second, that is from a qualitative perspective, in my society, being a perfect and outstanding wife is seen as a need for the growth of the kid admirable characteristics such as joyfulness and cheerfulness. This positive approach and hopeful mannerism can be recognized by consuming the correct nutrition soup. Third, from a quantitative point of view, the more weight my daughter realized, the more kinds of soups I had to prepare for him (Kosta 212). Therefore, the measurable results of maintaining my daughter health through the means of preparing soup could be the most useful pointer of whether I was a perfect, exceptional or even a successful homemaker in my community. Metaphorically, preparing soup showed the love and care I had for my daughter, which had gone far beyond merely providing her necessity for food. To a wide extent, carin g out this activity was an attempt to obey the rules of social expectations of a woman’s role. In addition, the capability to prepare soup was the criteria for determining whether I was the best mother. In terms of the marital perspective, preparing soup became a way of raising my bargaining power with my husband according to tradition, which showed that a well-educated man believes that the best wife has to understand how to cook and be willing to prepare soup for the family members every day. Preparing soup is regarded as a homemaker’s main significant, activity as related to other forms of house activities, which includes washing utensils, ironing clothes and sweeping the floor. This is because it may significantly influence the health of the

U.S Navy in early American history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

U.S Navy in early American history - Essay Example Despite the fact the Old Navy was ultra sized; it had the most sophisticated warships in the world. It presented a platform to the modernization of the Navy. The Status and existence of the Rhode Island was prioritized by the US government. Therefore the creation of the navy was billed and passed by Parliament of the Rhode Island in seventeen seventy seven in Greenwich (East). It should be noted that these events took place after the military hierarchy promotion of Captain Abraham Whipple in to an Army General. Governor Nicholas Cooke issued a confirmation to this. It was a defense move against the Frigates from Britain who posed a constant threat to the trade activities in Rhode Island. It was so serious that President George Washington begun buying warships using his own resources. The Schooner Hannah was one of the ships. The Continental Congress endorsed the buying of two ships that were well armed to attack the ships from their enemies like British for this matter. There was to be the existing policy that was to be adhered to by the continental fleet that was to reign throughout the Revolution. The first policy was written by John Adams which was accepted by the congress. Towards the end of 1775, the Congress ordered the putting up of thirteen frigates in the following a quarter a year, putting into account the resolution that was passed earlier on. Also, there was building of five ships that have two and two thirds dozens of guns, five ships with two and a quarter dozens guns, and three ships with two dozens of guns. A dozen ships that were build under the order of Benedict Arnold to prevent the British from attacking New York after Canada. This Arnold’s fleet did not manage that of British whereas the fleet which brought the British fleet was the U.S fleet in the war called Battle of Valcour Island. Later on, the ships vessels that were constructed were overpowered by the Royal Navy, which was more powerful than them. The only American hero in the navy who defeated the British fleet was John Paul Jones, who was Thought to have attacked other ships by their owners and when asked he put it boldly that the fight had not yet began. There took place the Revolutionary War which its end resulted into the break up the Navy of the continent in 1785, after the approval of Treaty of Paris. It is the Treaty of Paris that kept British Navy to work together with the ship trading and their support ended after the dispersing of the continental navy. The war between the American marine trade transporters and their attackers at the coast led to the Naval Act 1794. There was order that the Act should have the six frigates as one of its composition. the frigates comprised of four with three ant two thirds dozens of guns and two having three dozens of guns. The Navy then allied with the northern states and the coastal part and their enemies came from the interior parts. The establishment of the Naval Act led to the start of building a half a doz en frigates, namely: USS United States Chesapeake, Constitution, Constellation, USS United States, the congress and the president. The most popular of all was Constitution that was branded a name â€Å"Old Ironsides† with a lot of input from Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. The American Navy later fought the Navy from France in The Quasi-war as a result of Treaty of Alliance formed in 1778. The US played in away that it supported British and French equally in their fight but after the formation of the treaty referred to as Jay Treaty became

Case Analysis - Jennifer Essay Example for Free

Case Analysis Jennifer Essay Physician assisted suicide (PAS) is a common thing in some of the states where it is legally allowed. But, many people believe that the advocacy of Physician assisted suicide (PAS) is morally and ethically wrong . This paper analyses the case study of a Leukaemia patient Jenifer with respect to medically assisted death. Introduction Jenifer was a leukaemia patient who denied the treatment because of the complexity in the treatment and the limited anticipated success percentage.  She was ready to face the destiny and thought that her remaining time in the world is precious and it is not for spending in the hospital beds just like the recently died famous British celebrity Joe Goody. Though many of her close relatives tried to change her decisions, she has rejected all the treatment options. She has asked her close friend and nurse, Donna to give her some medications which may end her life in order to escape from the painful life. People have different opinions about Physician assisted suicide (PAS). Proponents of mercy killing argue that it is better to assist a person medically to terminate his life, if he/she is in a pathetic condition and no hope for a survival while the critics believe that nobody has the right to take the life since nobody can recreate it artificially. Even amidst the huge development of science and technology still the mysteries surrounding the birth and death is still unknown. Nobody knows from where we come and where we go and because of that life has precious value. The creator has certain mission to fulfil while sending the person to earth and only he has the right to call the person back once the mission is completed. It is ethically wrong to act against the will of the creator. â€Å"In order to be accountable, nurses act under a code of ethical conduct that is grounded in the moral principles of fidelity and respect for the dignity, worth, and self-determination of patients. Nurses are accountable for judgments made and actions taken in the course of nursing practice, irrespective of health care organizations policies or providers directives† (ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statement) Human life is so important and the every attempt of the nurse should be to preserve the human life. Nurses can take any actions to protect the life of a patient. At the same time a nurse should not be engaged in any sort of actions which may put the patient’s life in jeopardy. In the given case, Donna is not only a nurse, but a real friend as well for Jenifer. Both of them had close emotional attachments and relationships. So, Donna may be in an agony whether to allow Jennifer to die by giving her medications needed for that, or not. Donna was a friend and at the same time, a nurse. She should give priority to her profession and professional ethics in this situation. It is a fact that Jenifer is suffering from severe pain and it is difficult for Donna to remain helpless. Only thing Donna can do in these circumstances is try to lift the morale of Jenifer using some counseling techniques. Donna is primarily a nurse and she may be attached to many people through friendship relationships. It is not possible for her to assist all the suffering people or the people in no hope condition to die. Her profession is intended for saving the life rather than ending it. Even the doctors, who have the primary authority of treating the patients, often confused and hesitated to engage in activities related to mercy killing even if it is legally allowed. A nurse has no role in taking the decisions about mercy killing. It should be decided by the patient, doctor and the relatives of the patient. Conclusions Human life is so precious and mysterious so that nobody should attempt to finish it deliberately. Only the creator has the right to make modifications in his creations. Creator should have the right to destroy or sustain the life. Since no human has so far succeeded in creating a life, he has no authority to take it.

The Essence of the Human Spirit Essay examples -- Graduate Admissions

The Essence of the Human Spirit My mother taught me the two most important lessons I have learned: you really can do anything if you work hard and dedicate yourself to it; and, every person has a responsibility to contribute something toward improving the world. She taught me by example. When I was eight, she went to college to fulfill her dream of becoming a teacher. Very few things in my life have been more inspirational than watching her, a poor woman with a husband and four children, graduate summa cum laude from college. Ever since I can remember, I have been interested in the stars and the planets. As a child, I persistently asked questions and read books about space, and when I was about seven, my parents took me to see The Right Stuff. Right then, I decided I wanted to be an astronaut. As I have grown and matured, I have become even more fascinated with the adventure and intellectual challenge of exploring the newest frontiers. I decided to major in aerospace engineering so I could contribute to technical advancements in space exploration. I decided to attend Boston University because of its Accelerated Four-Year BS/MS Program and its large international student population. Born and raised in Omaha, I had not had much chance to meet people from other countries, and Boston University offered me the opportunity to learn about 131 other cultures. After spending two years pursuing my passion for engineering science, I needed another challenge, so I applied to be a cooperative Education Student at NASA's Johnson Space Center. I was accepted and moved to Houston to work for a year at the preeminent center for... ...ion, it will inspire us to work together toward a common goal. Once we learn how to cooperate to reach our dream, we may be able to use that knowledge and that hope to improve the human condition on Earth. This is why I have chosen to dedicate my life to exploration. I hope to witness the fulfillment of all these dreams in my lifetime, but I realize it is likely that I will not. Indeed, it is even possible that the space program could be cancelled. Where that to occur, there are many other challenges I could embrace, from spending time in the Peace Corps, to using my plasma research experience to help find alternative energy methods, to writing science fiction. Whatever the future, I feel certain I will reach the end of my life believing, as Cecil Rhodes did, that there is "so little done--so much to do."

The Enduring Vision (vol. 5)Chapter 12 Outline

Deyon Keaton Sotnick Chapter 13: Immigration, Expansion, and Sectional Conflict, 1840-1848 l. Introduction: After the murder of Joseph Smith, Brigham Young led the main body of Mormons from Illinois to a new homeland in the Great Salt Lake valley. In part, Youngs aim was to flee persecution by Gentiles (non-Mormons). Reasons for Mormons to head west: (1) Deseret lay outside the United States; and Smith's murder had led many Mormons to conclude that they could no longer live along the Gentiles. 2)Gentiles were also on the move west; the very remoteness and aridity of Deseret made it unlikely that ny permanent settlement of Gentiles would take place. Mormons earned money in their new city by trade with Gentile wayfarers in less than a thousand days into James K. Polk's presidency, the US had increased its land area by at least 50 percent. Most immigrants gravitated to the expansionist Democratic party, and the immigrant vote help to tip the vote to Polk, an ardent expansionist. Democra ts saw expansion as a way to reduce strife between the sections.Oregon would go to the North, Texas the South and California to everyone. II. Newcomers and Natives A. Expectations and Realities A desire for religious freedom drew some emigrants to the United States. Their hope was fed by a continuous stream of travelers' accounts and letters from relatives describing America as a utopia for poor people. But many emigrants faced difficulties. Many spent savings on tickets to boats that were delayed for months and many others were sold meaningless tickets. They encountered six weeks or longer on the sea, packed almost as tightly as what slaves encountered, and travelling on cargo ships.When they landed, they soon found that farming in American farms was very solated, unlike in Europe where social and cultural lives revolved around communities. The Irish, who usually arrived in New England, found little land or capital for farming, and crowded into urban areas. Likewise, Germans, who a rrived in New Orleans, found little opportunity with slave labor, and moved upriver and into urban areas where there was a community. By 1860. these two groups formed more than 60 percent of the population of several major cities. B. The Germans In 1860, Germany was not a national-state but, a collection of small kingdoms.German immigrants came from a wide range of social classes and occupations. For all their differences, a common language kept them together, and German neighborhoods developed and prospered, much to the enw of Anglo-Americans who disdained their clannishness. In response, Germans became even more clannish. C. The Irish Between 181 5 and 1860, the Irish immigration into the United States passed through starving as many as a million people to death. To escape this, 1. 8 million Irish people migrated to the US between 1845 and 1854. Overwhelmingly poor and Catholic, the Irish usually entered the workforce near or at the bottom.Irish men dug cellars and lived in them, or made canal and railroad beds. Women became domestic servants and entered the workforce at an early age. Irish usually married late, which makes natural the large number of single Irish women in America. Yet some struggled up the social ladder, becoming foremen and supervisors. Others rose into the middle class by opening grocery and liquor stores. The two groups both brought conflict. The poorer Irish competed directly with free blacks, stirring up negative emotions towards blacks and abolitionists.Meanwhile, the middle class clashed with native- born white workers. D. Anti-Catholicism, Nativism and Labor Protest The hostility of native-born whites towards the Irish often took the form of anti- Catholicism. Even from Puritan times, there were high anti-catholic sentiments. Catholics made doctrine the province of pope and bishops. Conspiracies were rife. Future telegraph inventor, Samuel Morse, warned in 1835 that despotic Europe goverNew Mexicoent were flooding US with Catholic i mmigrants to destroy republican institutions.A protestant mob turned to ash a convent suspected to contain torture chambers the same year, while Lyman Beecher warned Protestants that Catholic immigrants to the West was a conspiracy to dominate the region. Maria Monks The Awful Disclosure of the Hotel Dieu Nunnery in Montreal brought back anti-Catholic feelings. The Order of the Star-spangled Banner would evolve into the ‘Know Nothing', or the American Party and would become a major political force in the 1850's. Protestants feared for their Jobs and feared that Catholic immigrants were a threat to their Jobs, in reaction many Protestants Joined nativist societies.E. Labor Protest and Immigrant Politics America cherished the notion that a nation with abundant land would never give way toa permanent class of wage slaves. Another of laborers' response to wage cuts in he panic was supporting land reforms. Land reformers argued that labor for wages ended any hope of economic indepe ndence. Labor unions appealed to workers who did not see eye to eye with land reformers. In an important decision, the Supreme Court ruled in Commonwealth vs. Hunt, that labor unions were not illegal monopolies that restrained trade.Many immigrants quickly became politically active as they found labor organizations could help them find employment and lodging. Immigrants usually supported the Democratic party for they felt that Jackson gave a non- aristocratic feel. In addition, Whigs supported anti slavery which would create more competition for immigrants By the same token, the Democratic party persuaded immigrants that national issues such as banking and tariffs were vital to them. In the 1840s, Democrats tried to convince immigrants that national expansion likewise advanced their interests.II. The West and Beyond A. The Far West Obstructed by The Great Plains, many Americans began moving past the Rocky Mountains to the Far West. The Adams-Onis (Transcontinental) Treaty had left S pain in undisputed possession of Texas as well as California and the New Mexico territory. In 1821, Mexico gained independence and took over all Spanish North American Oregon Country. Collectively, the territories Texas, New Mexico, California, and Oregon was an extremely vast land, but during the 1820s, these lands were viewed by US, I-JK, and Mexico as a remote frontier. B.Far Western Frontier The earliest American and British on the West Coast were fur traders who had reached California by sailing around South America. In the otherwise undeveloped CA economy, hides were called â€Å"California bank notes. † The trade in CA caused little friction with Mexico because Mexico produced virtually no manufactured goods. Hispanic people born in California (called Californios) were as eager to buy as the traders were to sell†so eager that they sometimes rowed out to the vessels laden with goods, thus sparing the traders the trip ashore. Trading links also developed in the 182 0s between St.Louis and Santa Fe along the Santa Fe Trail. The Panic of 1819 left many midwest Americans with a lot of unsold goods. They loaded wagons with goods and rumbled westward along the trail. To a far greater extent than Spain, Mexico welcomed this, as more than half the goods entering through Santa Fe trickled into internal Mexico. So popular was this trade that the Mexican silver peso traders brought back became the principal medium of exchange in Missouri. C. The American Settlement of Texas to 1835 During the 1820s, Americans began to settle the eastern part of Mexican state, Coahuila-Texas.Meanwhile, with Mexico's independence came the end of Spanish missions, and many Natives returned to nomadic ways. In 1824, the Mexican govt. , wanting protection from Natives by American settlement, began bestowing generous land grants on agents known as empresarios. Initially, most Americans, like the empresario Stephen F. Austin, were content to live in Texas as naturalized Mexica n citizens. But trouble brewed quickly as American settlers brought slaves. Mexico closed American immigration in 1830, but Americans continued to flood in with their slaves, and in 1834, Austin secured repeal of the 1830 prohibition.

Industiral Revolution

The Industrial, French and American Revolutions Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transport, and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions starting in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spreading throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world. Starting in the later part of the 18th century there began a transition in parts of Great Britain's previously manual labour based economy towards machine-based manufacturing.It started with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal. In terms of social structure, the Industrial Revolution witnessed the triumph of a middle class of industrialists and businessmen over a landed class of nobility and gentry. Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in the new mills and fa ctories, but these were often under strict working conditions with long hours of labour dominated by a pace set by machines.Most notably, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. However, harsh working conditions were prevalent long before the Industrial Revolution took place. Pre-industrial society was very static and often cruel—child labour, dirty living conditions, and long working hours were just as prevalent before the Industrial Revolution. American Revolution The American revolutionary era began in 1763, after a series of victories by British forces at the conclusion of the French and Indian War ended the French military threat to British North American colonies.Adopting the policy that the colonies should pay an increased proportion of the costs associated with keeping them in the Empire, Britain imposed a series of direct taxes followed by other laws intended to demonstrate British authority, all of which proved extremely unpopu lar in America. Because the colonies lacked elected representation in the governing British Parliament, many colonists considered the laws to be illegitimate and a violation of their rights as Englishmen.In 1772, groups of colonists began to create Committees of Correspondence, which would lead to their own Provincial Congresses in most of the colonies. In the course of two years, the Provincial Congresses or their equivalents rejected the Parliament and effectively replaced the British ruling apparatus in the former colonies, culminating in 1774 with the coordinating First Continental Congress. In response to protests in Boston over Parliament's attempts to assert authority, the British sent combat troops, dissolved local governments, and imposed direct rule by Royal officials.Consequently, the Colonies mobilised their militias, and fighting broke out in 1775. First ostensibly loyal to King George III, the repeated pleas by the First Continental Congress for royal intervention on t heir behalf with Parliament resulted in the declaration by the King that the states were â€Å"in rebellion†, and the members of Congress were traitors. In 1776, representatives from each of the original thirteen states voted unanimously in the Second Continental Congress to adopt a Declaration of Independence, which now rejected the British monarchy in addition to its Parliament.The Declaration established the United States, which was originally governed as a loose confederation through a representative democracy selected by state legislatures. French Revolution The French Revolution (1789–1799) was a period of radical social and political upheaval in French and European history. The monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years. French society underwent an epic transformation as feudal, aristocratic, and religious privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from liberal political groups and the masses on the streets.Old ideas about hierarc hy and tradition succumbed to new principles of citizenship and inalienable rights. The modern era has unfolded in the shadow of the French Revolution. The growth of republics and liberal democracies, the spread of secularism (the concept that government or other entities should exist separately from religion and/or religious beliefs), the development of modern ideologies, and the invention of total war all mark their birth during the RevolutionDestabilisation of accepted process and/or challenge tradition. The term ‘revolution’ is common in all three of the events as societal upheaval and revolt was at the very epicenter of the American, French and Industrial revolutions. Political, social and customary structures were vastly altered, and the ‘common man’ was given an unprecedented voice in matters of national concern. There was a newfound value and respect self determination, and people started to stand up for what they believed was right.The Industrial R evolution profoundly changed the way society functioned as conventionally, people relied on manpower to produce goods and energy, not machines. The introduction of machines in Northern America conflicted with Southern America which lived off plantations and relied on slavery, and this eventually led to the American Civil War. In all three revolutions the destabilisation of a small number of people holding power occurred.The Americans and the French overthrew their governments which were essentially a small number of aristocrats, and the Industrial revolution made it possible for anybody to produce goods and provide services. Job availabilities increased and the employment rate increased. Furthermore, the machinery introduced in the 18th and 19th centuries serves as the very basis of industries today. Whilst the machinery may have evolved, they foreshadowed the technologically savvy and advanced society that today we call the 21st century. Industiral Revolution The Industrial, French and American Revolutions Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transport, and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions starting in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spreading throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world. Starting in the later part of the 18th century there began a transition in parts of Great Britain's previously manual labour based economy towards machine-based manufacturing.It started with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal. In terms of social structure, the Industrial Revolution witnessed the triumph of a middle class of industrialists and businessmen over a landed class of nobility and gentry. Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in the new mills and fa ctories, but these were often under strict working conditions with long hours of labour dominated by a pace set by machines.Most notably, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. However, harsh working conditions were prevalent long before the Industrial Revolution took place. Pre-industrial society was very static and often cruel—child labour, dirty living conditions, and long working hours were just as prevalent before the Industrial Revolution. American Revolution The American revolutionary era began in 1763, after a series of victories by British forces at the conclusion of the French and Indian War ended the French military threat to British North American colonies.Adopting the policy that the colonies should pay an increased proportion of the costs associated with keeping them in the Empire, Britain imposed a series of direct taxes followed by other laws intended to demonstrate British authority, all of which proved extremely unpopu lar in America. Because the colonies lacked elected representation in the governing British Parliament, many colonists considered the laws to be illegitimate and a violation of their rights as Englishmen.In 1772, groups of colonists began to create Committees of Correspondence, which would lead to their own Provincial Congresses in most of the colonies. In the course of two years, the Provincial Congresses or their equivalents rejected the Parliament and effectively replaced the British ruling apparatus in the former colonies, culminating in 1774 with the coordinating First Continental Congress. In response to protests in Boston over Parliament's attempts to assert authority, the British sent combat troops, dissolved local governments, and imposed direct rule by Royal officials.Consequently, the Colonies mobilised their militias, and fighting broke out in 1775. First ostensibly loyal to King George III, the repeated pleas by the First Continental Congress for royal intervention on t heir behalf with Parliament resulted in the declaration by the King that the states were â€Å"in rebellion†, and the members of Congress were traitors. In 1776, representatives from each of the original thirteen states voted unanimously in the Second Continental Congress to adopt a Declaration of Independence, which now rejected the British monarchy in addition to its Parliament.The Declaration established the United States, which was originally governed as a loose confederation through a representative democracy selected by state legislatures. French Revolution The French Revolution (1789–1799) was a period of radical social and political upheaval in French and European history. The monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years. French society underwent an epic transformation as feudal, aristocratic, and religious privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from liberal political groups and the masses on the streets.Old ideas about hierarc hy and tradition succumbed to new principles of citizenship and inalienable rights. The modern era has unfolded in the shadow of the French Revolution. The growth of republics and liberal democracies, the spread of secularism (the concept that government or other entities should exist separately from religion and/or religious beliefs), the development of modern ideologies, and the invention of total war all mark their birth during the RevolutionDestabilisation of accepted process and/or challenge tradition. The term ‘revolution’ is common in all three of the events as societal upheaval and revolt was at the very epicenter of the American, French and Industrial revolutions. Political, social and customary structures were vastly altered, and the ‘common man’ was given an unprecedented voice in matters of national concern. There was a newfound value and respect self determination, and people started to stand up for what they believed was right.The Industrial R evolution profoundly changed the way society functioned as conventionally, people relied on manpower to produce goods and energy, not machines. The introduction of machines in Northern America conflicted with Southern America which lived off plantations and relied on slavery, and this eventually led to the American Civil War. In all three revolutions the destabilisation of a small number of people holding power occurred.The Americans and the French overthrew their governments which were essentially a small number of aristocrats, and the Industrial revolution made it possible for anybody to produce goods and provide services. Job availabilities increased and the employment rate increased. Furthermore, the machinery introduced in the 18th and 19th centuries serves as the very basis of industries today. Whilst the machinery may have evolved, they foreshadowed the technologically savvy and advanced society that today we call the 21st century.

Learning English Question and Answer †Number 1

Learning English Question and Answer – Number 1 Free Online Research Papers Learning English Question and Answer Number 1 1. Energy is one of the most important cornerstones of the modern society. The aircraft, vessel and automobile need oil to run; Burning of coal provides electricity and heat to us; the machines in factories are working on electricity; the light, TV set, computers and etc. also depend on electricity to work. In today’s world, we are not able to live without energy. In the past 2004, the world met big crisis of energy. Globally, the price of petroleum soared. The development of world economy was seriously influenced. Domestically, the shortage of power supply in summer forced thousands of factories to close every day. People are working hard to search for more energy supply. More petroleum and coal mines have been found; more electricity plants are under construction; the new types of energy such as nuclear are developed. We must realize that the supply of energy is limited. If we do not make better use of them, our society will be in bigger energy crisis. 2. 2008: As the biggest International sports meeting, the Olympic Games will be held in Beijing in 2008. This is the first time that the Olympic Games come into China. At that time, it is expected that tens of thousand of players and millions of visitors from different countries will come to Beijing. In order to prepare the sports meeting, China will invest billions of US dollars. A new main stadium is under construction as well as several other new sports facilities. Beijing’s traffic system will also be improved. Chinese sport player teams, who won 32 golden medals in 2004 Olympic Games, started their training for 2008. It is expected that they are going to perform better in 2008. 2008 Olympic Games gives China a great chance to show itself. As host, how could 1.3 billion Chinese return the world a pleasant surprise? A civilized, vigorous and self-confident China will be best gift to the world. Research Papers on Learning English Question and Answer - Number 1PETSTEL analysis of IndiaTwilight of the UAWBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfDefinition of Export QuotasInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesLifes What IfsNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationHip-Hop is Art

Art of war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Art of war - Essay Example I chose this quote because I understand the important role played by human labor in accomplishing any activity. This quote is relevant because people are the most important resource that any organization or company can have. Regardless of the nature of the organization or the type of activity being undertaken, the human resource is very important. Unfortunately, not all organizations or companies reward their people for the efforts they put in. This quote therefore helps us understand and appreciate the important role played by people in an organization or company. In the workplace setting, this quote can cause the management to come up with reward programs for their employees. In order to get the best of employees, organizations need to reward them for the work performed. Through this quote, managers can be made to understand the importance of keeping a motivated workforce as a recipe for success. For example, a company may come up with a policy of taking its employees for holiday every month as an appreciation for their efforts. Regardless of the reward programs adopted, this quote can cause senior management to rethink of how it treats its

Criminal Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Criminal Law - Essay Example The evidence for these facts is that she has told the officer that she has been robbed and he was wearing dark t-shirt and white pants, which was a lie. According to 30 USC 941- sec 941 ,the lady will be fined for $ 1000 for false statement and she will be convicted and will be given imprisonment for not less than 1 year or both. The Second crime-The second evident crime in this scenario is that the man who was being stopped by the police officer Jones was a criminal. He also did not stopped at first call of the police officer which was a crime .The man was carrying drugs as cocaine was a serious drug and possession of it is against law.. The evidence for this claim is that the police officer found a bulge in the rear side of the person and on checking it was found to be cocaine and a cell phone hidden. As per (Find Law,2013) â€Å" Simple drug possession sentences tend to be the lightest, while intent to distribute drugs or the cultivation/manufacturing of drugs carry much heavier penalties†.According to section 844, the possession of drug is considered as a felony and the punishment can vary from small fine to imprisonment for years. It depends on the intensity of the crime. The third crime The third crime in this case is that the lady was abused by her husband. As a matter of fact physically abusing a person by another person is a criminal act. Especially, when the physical abuse is performed by the spouse then the act takes a serious criminal course.. An act of torturing and assaulting a woman is a serious criminal and legal issue and can cause legal action on the husband of the woman. According to (Madison,2013) â€Å"Felony domestic violence is a type of criminal charge. When a person is charged with domestic violence, it means he or she is accused of behaving violently toward family members or people who live with him or her†. The evidence for this instance is that upon investigation the lady revealed that she lied to protect her husband fr om arrest and she was abused by him. Under section 922(g)(20 The domestic violence is a felony and a federal crime and penalties to the bodily injury can apply and also the convict can be given imprisonment for 5 years. The Forth crimeThe forth crime is done by the police officer as he did mistake in identifying the robber and shot him instantaneously. This was a false action and a crime. A police officer does have a right to shoot but it cannot be in such cases where the culprit is almost at the reach of a police officer. The police officer cannot shoot a person or a culprit unless he is in a dire or a threatening situation. Here the culprit did not show any arm or weapon to the police officer jones so it is a crime from the police officer side to shoot the person immediately without a confined reason. According to (Olson,2013) ‘It is a mistake to   think because police are trained in firearm use, they are less likely to kill innocent bystanders†. The evidence for thi s fact that is that the person was shot on shoulder and was taken to hospital. According to The police officer will be given suspension for shooting the person without solid reason. The civil action -Here in this case the possible civil action that can be taken is to protect the health and life of the person who was shot by the police officer. Even though the person was a drug dealer and a criminal, the law authority has every right to protect his civil right which is protection of his life

Meso-American civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Meso-American civilization - Essay Example when the Sumerians arrived in this region. Chinese civilization is among the oldest, dating back to before 3000 B.C. Early Indian civilization was highly developed as evidenced through the civilizations of Mohenjo Daro and Harappa that develop din the region of the valley of the river Indus and its tributaries. Egyptian civilization was one of the earliest to develop the system of writing through hieroglyphics (www. projectshum.org). Mesopotamian writing in the form of hieroglyphs also ranks among the earliest known in the world, with some Sumerian writing even older than the Egyptian. Writing among the Meso American civilizations developed later, also in the form of hieroglyphs with some phonetic elements, which were written in numerous columns or stelae. The ancient Indian scripts were in the form of the Indus script which has not yet been deciphered. The art of the Meso American period comprised massive stone sculptures more than two metres in height, of square jawed flat lipped warriors. This was similar to Mesopotamian art, which was also characterized by sculptures of gods in human forms, assuming a highly decorative aspect. Humans were also combined with animals to produce fantastic sculptures.(www.huntfor.com). The best known art work of the Chinese period is that which developed during the Ming dynasty, comprising vases and other decorative objects. One of the best known art works of the Egyptian period are the great pyramids of Giza and monumental statutes of the Pharoah. The first American monuments as constructed during the Meso American period are also pyramids which have religious significance and where pilgrims climb to the top, unlike the smooth sided pyramids of Egypt. Early Indian civilizations demonstrated well planned cities built of brick with wide streets, public and private bathing platforms and reservoirs.

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study - Term Paper Example The study was based on the hypothesis that black and white people differed in their response to the disease. Before the study was initiated in 1928, the U.S Public Health Services (PHS) had already completed a study in Mississippi in which 25% of the participants who were all black had tested positive for the disease. The PHS intended to expand and continue the study in rural black population and set up a treatment program with aid from the Julius Rosenwald Fund. Though the study initially intended to improve the health of the African American population by providing doses of metals which was used to treat the disease during that period, the coming of the great depression drastically lowered the funds for the project. And it was then that the PHS decided to conduct a study based on the aforementioned hypothesis that racial variation plays a role in the effects of syphilis. The objective of the study was to compare the natural progression of syphilis in untreated poor African American s who were followed up for a period of 40 years with a healthy control population who were free of the disease. While the initial study was designed to last for a year and where participants with syphilis were given minimal treatment which would have definitely not cured them, the extended study examined men with untreated syphilis over the 40 year period and in case they died during that period their bodies autopsied to study the exact course of the infection (Angell, 1997; Sugarman, 2002).  

Importance of Infrastructure Investment in the UK

Importance of Infrastructure Investment in the UK Acknowledgements In 1999, I completed the 1st year of the full-time Quantity Surveying course at Glasgow Caledonian University before moving to America in 2001. After a five-year stay, I returned to Glasgow in September 2006 and re-enrolled in the Part-time Quantity Surveying course. Ten years on from the first experience of the QS course, it gives me great pleasure and pride to be submitting one of the last pieces of work in the honours year. It has been an amazing and unexpected journey. I would not be in this position if it were not for the incredible levels of support and encouragement shown by so many and would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge some of these people. First, I would like to thank Raymond McCafferty Michael Heggarty of Cruden Building Renewals for employing me and giving me this opportunity. Their continued support and encouragement throughout this process has given me the focus and drive to continually improve my work. My colleagues at Cruden also deserve a special mention for their support during the dissertation and without the laughs during the day; this process would have been so much more difficult. Thanks guys!!! I would also like to thank Halbert Mills at Glasgow Caledonian University for accepting me back into the course and believing that I had the potential to get to this stage. During the course of this dissertation, I had some challenging times when I felt like I did not know how to develop my chosen topic. I would like to give my sincere thanks to my supervisor, Dr. John Lowe, for his inspirational input when I had these difficulties. Unfortunately, I cannot name everyone but I want to thank all my friends and family who without their support I would never have completed this piece of work. Mum, Dad, Gran, thank you so much for everything. Finally, the love and support shown by my Wife, Brooke, during this process has been a major source of inspiration. We will both be glad when the late night studying and completing of projects is finally over. Peter McLellan 1. Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Rationale for the Study Infrastructure forms the economic backbone of the UK. It is the fabric that defines us as a modern industrialised nation. The standard and resilience of infrastructure in the UK has a direct relationship to the growth and competitiveness of our economy. (Skinner, 2010) For the UK to retain its competitive edge, a longer-term view of investment in infrastructure must lead policy making. (Stewart, 2009) This dissertation offers an opportunity to explore and research a highly topical issue. The United Kingdom finds itself still in the midst of one of the worst economic downturns in recent memory and in a period of fiscal consolidation. As a result of this depressed economic situation, difficult decisions have had to be made by all sectors within the UK to work together to drive the country out of the recession. The recent edition of the Economic and fiscal Strategy Report and Financial Statement and budget by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, highlights the importance of implementing measures that will promote sustainable growth. Despite modest growths to GDP of 0.4 per cent in the final quarter in 2009 (NSO, 2010), the general consensus is that the United Kingdom is in the early stages of recovery. The 2010 budget, called Securing the recovery, outlines ways in which it aims to support this vision. One of these policies, is to invest in infrastructure, including additional funding for transport and local roads and creating a Green Investment bank. (UK Budget, 2010) Also, the Eddington Report, published on 1 Dec 2006, was a study jointly commissioned by the Secretary of State for Transport and the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Its role was to analyse the long-term relationships, within the boundaries of the Governments wider commitment to sustainable development, between transport and the UKs growth, stability and economic productivity. The findings of this study will be discussed and compared to the investment required to meet the future demands of the UK. Furthermore, in a recent study carried out by the British Chambers of Commerce (BCC), it revealed that inadequate energy, transport, and communications infrastructure continues to reduce the opportunity for UK businesses to grow. It also outlines that during this period when businesses play a vital role in the recovery of the economy, productivity is being affected as a result of lack of capacity, thus restricting the UKs economic potential. (BCC survey, 2010) In response to the survey carried out in 2010, David Frost, the Director general of the BCC stated the following: A countrys infrastructure is crucial to the success of its businesses. In the current environment of economic uncertainty and public spending constraints, our energy, digital, and transport networks must be up to the job if business is to deliver growth and create employment. The intriguing situation that the UK Government now face is deciding the best way to stimulate economic growth without increasing the deficit. One of the issues with increasing deficits is the Government will have to borrow to service the debt. As a result of the world-banking crisis over the last few years, there is reluctance to increase the UK debt further and therefore this might have an impact on infrastructure investment in this country. This dissertation provides an opportunity to research the level of infrastructure required in the UK and review the part it plays to the long-term sustainable growth of the UK economy. Furthermore, in doing so, the author intends to see if further investment in Infrastructure works is viable in the current economic climate. 1.2 Aim The aim of this dissertation is to assess the importance of infrastructure investment in the United Kingdom and how this impacts on the long-term sustainable growth of the UK Economy given the current economic constraints. 1.3 Objectives To review Fiscal and Monetary policy theories available to the UK Government. To review the current and future demands for infrastructure works in the UK. To understand the level of importance of infrastructure work investment to the UK economy. To understand the roles, responsibilities and options available to public and private bodies in raising capital to invest in infrastructure works in the UK. To highlight the economic and social benefits gained as a result of increased investment in chosen infrastructure sectors by utilising hypothetical cost model projections. 1.4 Outline Methodology of the Research 1.5 Dissertation Contents Chapter 2 Provides an extensive Literature review on the topic area. The author will provide a general overview of economic theory, introduction to infrastructure, and a review of the relevant studies published worldwide that reveal intellectual thoughts on infrastructure investment impact on the economy. This will be carried out in the way of both descriptive and an analytical approach to all the appropriate literature sourced to aid in this dissertation. Naoum (2007) states It is descriptive in that it describes the work of previous writers and it is analytical in that it critically analyses the contribution of others with a view of identifying similarities and contradictions made by previous writers. According to Naoum (2007), the literature review will serve two purposes. First, it allows for gathering of information to allow development of issues and themes within the chosen topic that ultimately shape the research design. Second, the literature review will help form the basis of the research design by analysing previous research designs. Chapter 3 Chapter 3 introduces the reader to the numerous research techniques available to the author and will highlight the strengths and weaknesses of each and merits of each approach, before indicating the chosen methods of quantitative analysis technique Chapter 3 examines the various research techniques that were available to the author and describes the strengths and weaknesses of each of the approaches in respect to the available data. In particular this chapter presents the reasoning behind the authors decision to adopt the quantitative analysis technique and explains how this approach was applied. This chapter also describes the source of the data and highlights any potential bias or limitations that the author experienced within the analysis. Furthermore this chapter explicitly explains the process for selecting and categorising the appropriate data prior to analysis in a consistent manner. John Hannah paragraph Chapter 4 Chapter 4 builds upon the process described in the previous chapter and examines the primary source of data to assess what trends are evident with each of the particular categories. This section goes on to expand upon the original quantitative analysis and examine a series of quantitative case studies to assess the extent of early warning events and compensation events that occurred on completed projects. John Hannah paragraph Chapter 5 In conclusion, chapter 5 summarises the findings of this research and consider if the original aim and objectives have been achieved. Finally, this chapter discusses the authors findings and proposes a list of recommendations for future studies. John Hannah paragraph 2. Chapter Literature Review 2.1 Introduction The purpose of research is to make a contribution, however small, towards understanding the phenomenon being studied and ultimately towards the total body of knowledge (Parahoo, 2006) The intended purpose of the following literature review is to provide a general background to the chosen topic that will aid in the understanding of the following areas: How the UK Economy functions and what factors drive it. Description analysis of previous research on the impact of infrastructure investment on the economy. The role the construction industry plays in the UK Economy. The information presented within the literature review will enhance the readers knowledge of the topic with a view of providing clarity and understanding on the findings presented in chapter 4. Economic Theories There are conflicts of opinion on economic theory. For instance, monetarists argue that rises in the money supply cause inflation whereas Keynesians argue that it is changes in inflation which cause changes in the money supply (Stanlake Grant, 1995) Keynesian Economics John Maynard Keynes was a British economist whose ideas have been a central influence on modern macroeconomics, both in theory and practice. He advocated interventionist government policy, by which governments would use fiscal and monetary measures to mitigate the adverse effects of business cycles, economic recessions, and depressions. His ideas are the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics. Keynes solution to poor economic state is to introduce impetus spending or as the US President Franklin Roosevelt described, prime the pump. Keynes argues that the government should step in to increase spending, either by increasing the money supply or by actually buying things on the market itself. A supporter of Keynesian economics believes it is the governments job to smooth out the bumps in business cycles. Intervention would come in the form of government spending and tax breaks in order to stimulate the economy, and government spending cuts and tax hikes in good times, in order to curb inflation. Alternative Economic Theories Since Keynesian economics advocates for the public sector to step in to assist the economy generally, it is a significant departure from popular economic thought, which preceded it â‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬  laissez-fair capitalism. Laissez-fair capitalism supported the exclusion of the public sector in the market. A number of laissez faire consequences are drawn from Says law. Say also advocated public works to remedy unemployment. Say argued against claims that business was suffering because people did not have enough money and more money should be printed. Say argued that the power to purchase could be increased only by more production and is also best known for coining the phrase supply creates its own demand (Curwen, 1997) James Mill used Says Law against those who sought to give economy a boost via unproductive consumption. Consumption destroys wealth, in contrast to production which is the source of economic growth. The demand for the product determines the price of the product, but not if it will be consumed. Alternatively, Keynes is an advocate of trying to stimulate consumption by government intervention. Views on Economic thoeries Cutting support now, as some are demanding, would run the real risk of choking off the recovery even before it started, and prolonging the global downturn. (Darling, 2009) If consumers, markets and businesses get the message that government wants to carry on spending and isnt serious about dealing with the deficit, they will start to conclude that the UK is no longer a safe place to invest in, spend in or build a business in, (Cameron, 2009) Importance of Construction industry to UK Economy A recent survey commissed by the UK Contractors Group and carried out by LEK Consulting to demonstrate the impacts of the Construction industry on the UK Economy was distributed September 2009. The main aim of this report was to specifically highlight the benefits of investing in construction. The report covered 3 main areas: Contribution of the construction industry at national and regional level. Key contribution that construction makes to national employent levels. The role that the construction industry plays in the broader economic and social objectives. The reports contention is that the construction industry is vital to the overall UK economy while still being in a recession as it provides the following: Construction is a major contributor to the UK DGP. Construction sector employs circa  £3m people throughout 300,000 firms. Construction is also an important driver for other sectors, without which there would be a loss of domestic production capacity and skills. The report, Construction in the UK economy: The Benefits of Investment, shows that construction is the best sector for stimulating employment. It also shows that every  £1 spent on construction leads to an increase in GDP of  £2.84, as the spending not only creates construction output worth  £1, but also stimulates growth elsewhere in the economy worth  £1.84. With the Chancellors Pre-Budget Report looming, the CBI is continuing to press the case for protecting capital spending by government. (John Cridland, CBI Deputy-Director General, 2009) A strong economy needs fit-for-purpose schools and hospitals, and it will be the construction industry that builds the new transport and energy infrastructure needed to shift to a low-carbon economy. (John Cridland, CBI Deputy-Director General, 2009) Introduction to Infrastructure Works Infrastructure investment impact: Previous Research Over the last 30 years there have been various economic models developed to help in the research of the impact of infrastructure investment on the economy. The in-depth empirical studies have mainly utilised macro-economic level data, which includes cross-state and cross-country data. (Straub, 2007) edinburgh paper According to the studies carried out by Aschauer (1989) he states that when analysing the importance of public investment to the productivity improvement and economic growth, added weight must be attributed to the public investment decisions made by the Government. Furthermore, the study indicates increased productivity and growth in the economy by investing in areas such as highways, sewers, streets, and water systems. To ascertain these findings, Aschauer took the average annual growth rates of total factor productivity and the non-military public capital stock in America over the period 1950-1985; Aschauers data indicated a close relationship between level of investment in non-military infrastructure and productivity. Put in Tables from study Further research in the United States carried out by Munnell (1990) analysed the impact of the stock of public capital on economic activity at the regional and state levels. In conclusion, Munnell found that the US states that had invested in infrastructure had greater output, increased levels of private investment, and high levels of employment growth. The study highlighted above, Aschuer (1989) estimated an elasticity of output with respect to public infrastructure capital in the United States during 1950-1985 of between 0.38 and 0.56. These results have been shown to be econometrically suspect and subsequent work suggests the elasticity is much smaller. The average elasticity across OECD countries for the period 1960-2001 has recently been estimated to be 0.2 (Kanps, 2004). Aschauers paper has, however, proved very fruitful in terms of subsequent research, which it stimulated. (Crafts Leunig, 2005) A number of empirical studies have looked at the relationship between all public infrastructure investment and GDP growth. On average these studies seem to indicate a positive elasticity of output to public capital of around 0.20. Put another way, a ten per cent increase in public capital stock increases GDP by around 2 per cent. (Eddington report 2006) The eddington report suggest that there are limitations to these empirical studies and the results should be viewed with caution. OECD (2003) argues that early empirical work on the link between infrastructure investment and economic performance overstated the magnitude of the impact on GDP and productivity growth (The sources of economic growth in OECD countries, OECD, 2003) In particular, studies that focus on public investment in capital and infrastructure in a broad sense, rather than on transport specifically, do not really distinguish between types of investment in terms of new build, upgrade, maintenance etc although some do make specific conclusions about the value of transport infrastructure investment. Later studies using more complex modelling suggest a positive, albeit weaker relationships between infrastructure and GDP. These include: Kocherlakota and Yi (1997), Demetiades and mamuneas (2002), OFallon (2003), and Nijkamp and Poot (2004). (see figure 1.5 eddington report 2006) In 1993, Easterly and Robero carried out further research to expand on the work in this field. Called Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth: An Empirical Investigation, it details several conclusions that support the findings expressed by Aschauers research in 1989. It tackled areas such as the rate of growth and the level of development by employing historical data and recent cross-section data. The main findings outlined that there is a strong relationship between a countries fiscal structure and the development level and that investment levels in communication and transport is consistently correlated with growth. This therefore indicates that infrastructures are important in the economic prosperity of a nation (Easterly, Robelo 1993). Put in reference Eisner (1991) highlighted that public infrastructures not only serve as an intermediate good in physical goods production, they can also be final consumption goods. For example, water and sewage systems benefit environment, better transportation saves time spent on travelling, public parks give people pleasure, etc. Canning, Fay, and Perotti (1994) found substantial effects of physical infrastructure on economic growth based on the international data set. The strategy for national infrastructure also states, The majority of empirical research indicates that there is positive relationship between infrastructure and economic growth (strategy for national infrastructure, 2010). Introduction to Infrastructure What is Infrastructure? Set-up in December 2009 to help meet the infrastructure requirements in the UK for the next 10-20 years, Infrastructure UK defines Infrastructure as key economic sectors which include: Water, Waste, Energy, Transport and communications (strategy for national infrastructure, 2010). Infrastructure networks enable people, goods, energy, information, water, and waste to move efficiently around the UK and, in some cases, across its borders. The extent, capacity and quality of these networks has a direct bearing on the economy of the UK, the environment and the quality of life of everyone who lives in or visits the UK. Infrastructure Studies in the United Kingdom Extensive research carried out in the United Kingdom has indicated the level of infrastructure required for each sector and this can be cross-referenced with studies highlighted in the previous section. For example, the findings from the research carried out by Eisner, 1991 and Easterly, Robero 1993 indicated a relationship between transportation and its impact on the growth of the economy. The Eddington report was published on the 1st December 2006 and was carried out by Sir Rod Eddington under the instruction of the UK Government. The report is an examination of the impact transportation decisions will have on the UK environment and economy. The report analyses the current global economic demands and how our current transportation infrastructure must meet the demands of the 21st century. It states that with rising population and resultant greater demands on the country, higher levels of congestion and issue with reliability will have adverse effects on the economy if the correct infrastructure is not in place. It contends that by not having the required infrastructure in place it costs businesses more money while also effecting peoples social environment (Eddington Report, 2006). As well as utilising the Eisner, Easterly and Robero findings, the Eddington Report drew on research carried out in more recent times. The studies used in the development of the Eddington Report comprised: The historical significance of Transport for Economic growth and Productivity (Crafts Leunig, 2005), Step change transport improvements (Mann, 2006), and transport and labour market strategies (Gibbons Machin, 2006) Assessing transports contribution to the economy Transport can impact on the performance of the economy in a number of different ways: Transports impact on GDP Transport can impact on the economy and will ultimately impact on overall output. Gross domestic product (GDP) is currently the best measure of the size of the economy as it measures the total value of goods and services provided. Transport can have an impact on economic output (GDP) thorugh two channels: Firstly, transport can affect GDP though a number of inputs that are used, for example transport may increase employment either by allowing greater access to labour or stimulating the creation of new firms, which can increase the number of goods and services produced and lead to an increase in GDP. Secondly, transport can improve the efficiency with which firms use inputs, in other words transport can have an impact on productivity. For instance, a well functioning transport network can raise productivity by redusing journey times. Transport investment can impact on the drivers of productivity by encouraging prictae investment through raising its profitability; facilitating labour mobility and thereby increasing the returns in investment skills; and enabling effective competition even when economic activity is geographically dispersed. Identifying the impact of transport on productivity is important because improving productivity is a key to determinant of long-term growth and living standards. These effects can either have a one -off effect on the level of productivity or a sustained impact on the growth rate of productivity. Transport can impact on the growth rate of productivity by stimulating innovation through its impact on agglomeration economies, trade and foreign direct investment. In practice these dynamics are very difficult to measure, but are nevertheless extremely valuable, as they determine how quickly the economy grows and therefore the rate of growth in GDP. Transports role in supporting quality of life Critically though, GDP measures alone fail to capture the impacts of transport on the environment or its contribution to the wider well being of society. Transports impact on the environment, for example through carbon and other emissions, can increasingly lead to unsustainable growth, as well as impacting on peoples quality of life. Transport improvements that free up wasted travel time allow people to spend more time with friends and family, and enjoy more leisure activities. An economic welfare measurement would seek to measure such broader impacts of transport on society and the environment rather than just a pure GDP measure. These benefits to general well being are known as economic welfare, or welfare. The use of existing transport networks: What benefits do provide Erenburg (1994) finds that policy measures that make more efficient use of existing transport infrastructure through pricing mechanisms or other traffic management solutions can have a significant impact on growth (linking public capital to economic performance, Erenburg, 1994) Hulten and Schwab (1996) estimate that a 1 per cent increase in infrastructure effectiveness would have an impact on growth seven times larger than a 1 per cent increase in the rate of public infrastructure investment. (the public capital hypothesis: The case of Germany, Hulten and Schwab, 1996) OECD/ECMT (2001) paper on the benefits of transport concludes that wider economic benefits may be achieved more efficiently by introducing prices which correspond more closely to costs, or by reallocating existing infrastructure more efficiently between users, or by adopting other transport policies. (Assessing the benefits of transport, European Conference of Ministers of transport, OECD, 2001) Victoria transport policy institute (2003) argues that investment in alternative modes of transport and in management strategies to encourage more efficient use of existing road capacity tends to provide greater economic benefit than expanding existing highways to reduce congestion. The study also argues that the benefits of transport improvements are heavily dependant on local circumstances, in that they will only increase economic development where inadequate transport is a significant constraint on economic activity. EVIDENCE OF CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR TRANSPORT TO IMPACT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE ECONOMY Caning and Fay (1993) assert that infrastructure should not be seen as a factor of production but as a condition for high growth. Kessides (1993) notes that infrastructure does not create economic potential; it only develops such potential where appropriate conditions exist, i.e. other inputs such as labour and capital are available to drive output growth. Indeed, lynde and Richmond (1993), Trinder (2002), and OFallon (2003) assert that public and private capital are complements; that physical infrastructure requires the existence of available productive private capital in order to realise economic growth potential, and that infrastructure investment can boost the productivity of such private capital. Infrastructure investment may also feed through to increased labour productivity. Canning and pedroni (1999), banister and berechman (2000), Trinder (2002) and OFallon (2003) highlight other important underlying conditions that will influence the impact of transport investment on the economy (SEE REFERENCES FIGURE 1.7 EDDINGTON REPORT) In summary, these include: Economic conditions, a stable macroeconomic policy climate, local market circumstances, agglomeration, and labour market conditions Investment conditions; available funds, timing and structure of investment, type of infrastructure investment, location of investment in terms of network structure and political and institutional conditions, decision making, planning, sources, and methods of finance, level of investment, supporting legal and organisational policies and processes, and method and governance of infrastructure delivery and provision. Funding and delivery mechanisms for UK national infrastructure The National Infrastructure is funded and delivered in a number of ways: Commercially driven, user-paid infrastructure e.g. unregulated airport and ports where it is for the developer to decide what and when infrastructure is built. Any developments is then paid for by consumers (but prices are not regulated because competition exists) Commercially driven, user paid but price-regulated infrastructure with a stronger role for Government. Regulated airports are an example. Government supports investment in additional capacity but this is a commercial decision for airport operator (and where prices are regulated to protect from monopoly power). The energy sector also largely follows this model but prices are set by the market or thorough Government intervention. Price regulated businesses where independent regulators play a stronger role in determining the level and nature of investment. For example, water, where the regulator has an input into the nature of the investment programme but infrastructure investment in funded by users. Price regulated business that is funded by the taxpayer and users e.g. Network Rail. This is a model where the business is funded both by users and taxpayers where the DfT have a central role in setting out the outputs it wants from the railways and the level of funding to achieve that. The regulator sets the efficiency targets and prices for the company. Publicly decided and publicly funded infrastructure e.g. roads. Government decides where they should go, when they should be built and pays for them. This may include some provate finance but ultimately government rather than users pay. Clearly Government enjoys much greater control over infrastructure, but only a small part of the overall picture. Infrastructure essential for supporting economic activity and growth Many key investment projects rely on private finance either as direct investment or through mechanisms such as PPPs. In the current economic climate the Uk faces stiff competition in securing investment from private investors and from within Government budgets. In this environment, there needs to be a clear vision from Government about the future and needs for infrastructure. This will be essential to persuade the provate sector to invest in the national infrastructure and, in particular, provaste sector investors need long-term certainty in order to judge whether to commit major funds. Chapter 3 This chapter gives a brief description of the methods used for collecting independent data and why they are relevant to the research objectives. Research Strategy Quantitative Quantitative research is objective in nature. It is defined as an inquiry into a social or human problem, based on testing a hypothesis or a theory composed of variables, measured with numbers, and analysed with statistical procedures, in order to determine whether the hypothesis or the theory hold true (Cresswell, 1994). This statement is expanded on further by Bouma and Atkinson (1995), who state Quantitative data is, therefore, not abstract, they are hard and reliable; they are measurements of tangible, countable,